Coding Of Neighboring Subpictures

ABSTRACT

A video processing method includes performing a conversion between a video that includes a picture with two neighboring subpictures and a bitstream of the video. The bitstream conforms to a format rule that specifies that the two neighboring subpictures with different types of network abstraction layer (NAL) units have syntax elements with a same first value that indicates whether each of the two neighboring subpictures in a coded layer video sequence is treated as a picture.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Patent ApplicationNo. PCT/US2021/022978, filed on Mar. 18, 2021, which claims the priorityto and benefits of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/992,724,filed on Mar. 20, 2020. All the aforementioned patent applications arehereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This patent document relates to image and video coding and decoding.

BACKGROUND

Digital video accounts for the largest bandwidth use on the internet andother digital communication networks. As the number of connected userdevices capable of receiving and displaying video increases, it isexpected that the bandwidth demand for digital video usage will continueto grow.

SUMMARY

The present document discloses techniques that can be used by videoencoders and decoders for processing coded representation of video usingvarious rules of syntax.

In one example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a bitstream ofthe video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule thatspecifies a syntax of network abstraction layer (NAL) units in thebitstream, and wherein the format rule specifies that a NAL unit of avideo coding layer (VCL) NAL unit type includes a content associatedwith a particular type of picture or a particular type of subpicture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising apicture comprising a subpicture and a bitstream of the video, whereinthe bitstream conforms to a format rule, and wherein the format rulespecifies that the subpicture is a random access type of subpicture inresponse to the subpicture being a leading subpicture of an intra randomaccess point subpicture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising apicture comprising a subpicture and a bitstream of the video, whereinthe bitstream conforms to a format rule, and wherein the format rulespecifies that one or more random access skipped leading subpictures areabsent from the bitstream in response to the one or more random accessskipped leading subpictures being associated with an instantaneousdecoding refresh subpicture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising apicture comprising a subpicture and a bitstream of the video, whereinthe bitstream conforms to a format rule that specifies that one or morerandom access decodable leading subpictures are absent from thebitstream in response to the one or more random access decodable leadingsubpictures being associated with an instantaneous decoding refreshsubpicture having a type of network abstraction layer (NAL) unit thatindicates that the instantaneous decoding refresh subpicture is notassociated with a leading picture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising apicture comprising two neighboring subpictures and a bitstream of thevideo, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule that specifiesthat the two neighboring subpictures with different types of networkabstraction layer (NAL) units have syntax elements with a same firstvalue that indicates whether each of the two neighboring subpictures ina coded layer video sequence is treated as a picture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising apicture comprising two neighboring subpictures and a bitstream of thevideo, wherein the format rule specifies that the two neighboringsubpictures includes a first neighboring subpicture with a firstsubpicture index and a second neighboring subpicture with a secondsubpicture index, and wherein the format rule specifies that the twoneighboring subpictures have a same type of network abstraction layer(NAL) units in response to a first syntax element associated with thefirst subpicture index indicating that the first neighboring subpictureis not treated as a picture or a second syntax element associated withthe second subpicture index indicating that the second neighboringsubpicture is not treated as a picture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprisingpictures comprising one or more subpictures and a bitstream of thevideo, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule that specifiesthat a picture is allowed to include more than two different types ofvideo coding layer (VCL) network abstraction layer (NAL) units inresponse to a syntax element that indicates that each picture of thevideo referring to a picture parameter set (PPS) has a plurality of VCLNAL units that do not have a same type of VCL NAL unit.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a bitstream ofthe video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule thatspecifies that a trailing subpicture that is associated with an intrarandom access point subpicture or a gradual decoding refresh subpicturefollows the intra random access point subpicture or the gradual decodingrefresh subpicture in an order.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a bitstream ofthe video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule thatspecifies that a subpicture precedes in a first order an intra randomaccess point subpicture and one or more random access decodable leadingsubpictures associated with the intra random access point subpicture inresponse to: (1) the subpicture preceding the intra random access pointsubpicture in a second order, (2) the subpicture and the intra randomaccess point subpicture having a same first value for a layer to which anetwork abstraction layer (NAL) unit of the subpicture and the intrarandom access point subpicture belong, and (3) the subpicture and theintra random access point subpicture having a same second value of asubpicture index.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a bitstream ofthe video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule thatspecifies that a random access skipped leading subpicture associatedwith a clean random access subpicture precedes in an order one or morerandom access decodable leading subpictures associated with the cleanrandom access subpicture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a bitstream ofthe video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule thatspecifies that a random access skipped leading subpicture associatedwith a clean random access subpicture follows in a first order one ormore intra random access point subpictures that precede the clean randomaccess subpicture in a second order.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a bitstream ofthe video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule thatspecifies that a current subpicture precedes in a decoding order one ormore non-leading subpictures associated with an intra random accesspoint subpicture in response to: (1) a syntax element indicating that acoded layer video sequence conveys pictures that represent frames, and(2) the current subpicture being a leading subpicture associated withthe intra random access point subpicture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a bitstream ofthe video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule thatspecifies that one or more types of network abstraction layer (NAL) unitfor all video coding layer (VCL) NAL units in a picture includes RADLNUT or RASL NUT in response to the picture being a leading picture of anintra random access point picture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising a plurality of subpictures and a bitstreamof the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule thatspecifies that at least one subpicture precedes in a first order agradual decoding refresh subpicture and one or more subpicturesassociated with the gradual decoding refresh subpicture in response to:(1) the at least subpicture preceding the gradual decoding refreshsubpicture in a second order, (2) the at least one subpicture and thegradual decoding refresh subpicture having a same first value for alayer to which a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit of the at leastone subpicture and the gradual decoding refresh subpicture belong, and(3) the at least one subpicture and the gradual decoding refresh picturehaving a same second value of a subpicture index.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising acurrent picture comprising a current subpicture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to aformat rule that disallows an active entry in a reference picture listof the current slice from including a first picture that precedes in adecoding order a second picture that includes a step-wise temporalsublayer access subpicture in response to: (a) the first picture havinga same temporal identifier and a same layer identifier of a networkabstraction layer (NAL) unit as that of the current subpicture, and (b)the current subpicture following in the decoding order the step-wisetemporal sublayer access subpicture, and (c) the current subpicture andthe step-wise temporal sublayer access subpicture having the sametemporal identifier, the same layer identifier, and a same subpictureindex.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising acurrent picture comprising a current subpicture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to aformat rule that disallows an active entry in a reference picture listof the current slice from including a first picture that is generated bya decoding process for generating unavailable reference pictures inresponse to the current subpicture being not of a particular type ofsubpicture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising acurrent picture comprising a current subpicture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to aformat rule that disallows an entry in a reference picture list of thecurrent slice from including a first pictures that is generated by adecoding process for generating unavailable reference pictures inresponse to the current subpicture being not of a particular type ofsubpicture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising acurrent picture comprising a current subpicture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to aformat rule that disallows an entry in a reference picture list of thecurrent slice from including a first picture that precedes in a firstorder or a second order the current picture in response to: (a) thefirst picture including a preceding intra random access point subpicturethat precedes in the second order the current subpicture, (b) thepreceding intra random access point subpicture having a same layeridentifier of a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit and a samesubpicture index as that of the current subpicture, and (c) the currentsubpicture being a clean random access subpicture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising acurrent picture comprising a current subpicture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to aformat rule that disallows an active entry in a reference picture listof the current slice from including a first picture that precedes in afirst order or a second order the current picture in response to: (a)the current subpicture being associated with an intra random accesspoint subpicture, (b) the current subpicture following the intra randomaccess point subpicture in the first order.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising acurrent picture comprising a current subpicture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to aformat rule that disallows an entry in a reference picture list of thecurrent slice from including a first picture that precedes in a firstorder or the second order the current picture that includes an intrarandom access point (IRAP) subpicture associated with the currentsubpicture in response to: (a) the current subpicture following theintra random access point subpicture in the first order, (b) the currentsubpicture follows one or more leading subpictures associated with theIRAP subpicture in the first order and the second order.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising acurrent picture comprising a current subpicture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to aformat rule that specifies that in response to the current subpicturebeing a random access decodable leading subpicture, a reference picturelist of the current slice excludes an active entry for any one or moreof: a first picture that includes a random access skipped leadingsubpicture, and a second picture that precedes a third picture thatincludes an associated intra random access point subpicture in adecoding order.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a codedrepresentation of the video. The coded representation conforms to aformat rule that specifies that the one or more pictures comprising oneor more subpictures are included in the coded representation accordingto network abstraction layer (NAL) units, wherein a type NAL unit isindicated in the coded representation includes a coded slice of aparticular type of picture or a coded slice of a particular type of asubpicture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video comprisingone or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the coded representation conformsto a format rule that specifies that two neighboring subpictures withdifferent network abstraction layer unit types will have a sameindication of subpictures being treated as pictures flag.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video comprisingone or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the coded representation conformsto a format rule that defines an order of a first type of subpicture anda second type of subpicture, wherein the first subpicture is a trailingsubpicture or a leading subpicture or a random access skipped leading(RASL) subpicture type and the second subpicture is of the RASL type ora random access decodable leading (RADL) type or an instantaneousdecoding refresh (IDR) type or a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) typesubpicture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video comprisingone or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the coded representation conformsto a format rule that defines a condition under which a first type ofsubpicture is allowed or disallowed to occur with a second type ofsubpicture.

In yet another example aspect, a video encoder apparatus is disclosed.The video encoder comprises a processor configured to implementabove-described methods.

In yet another example aspect, a video decoder apparatus is disclosed.The video decoder comprises a processor configured to implementabove-described methods.

In yet another example aspect, a computer readable medium having codestored thereon is disclose. The code embodies one of the methodsdescribed herein in the form of processor-executable code.

These, and other, features are described throughout the presentdocument.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of raster-scan slice partitioning of a picture,where the picture is divided into 12 tiles and 3 raster-scan slices.

FIG. 2 shows an example of rectangular slice partitioning of a picture,where the picture is divided into 24 tiles (6 tile columns and 4 tilerows) and 9 rectangular slices.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a picture partitioned into tiles andrectangular slices, where the picture is divided into 4 tiles (2 tilecolumns and 2 tile rows) and 4 rectangular slices.

FIG. 4 shows a picture that is partitioned into 15 tiles, 24 slices and24 subpictures, in accordance with various examples.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example video processing system.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a video processing apparatus, in accordancewith various examples.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart for an example method of video processing.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram that illustrates a video coding system, inaccordance with various examples.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram that illustrates an encoder, in accordancewith various examples.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram that illustrates a decoder, in accordancewith various examples.

FIGS. 11 to 31 show flowcharts for methods of video processing, inaccordance with various examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Section headings are used in the present document for ease ofunderstanding and do not limit the applicability of techniques andembodiments disclosed in each section only to that section. Furthermore,H.266 terminology is used in some description only for ease ofunderstanding and not for limiting scope of the disclosed techniques. Assuch, the techniques described herein are applicable to other videocodec protocols and designs also. In the present document, editingchanges are shown to text by open and close double brackets (e.g., [[]]) with deleted text in between the double brackets indicatingcancelled text and boldface italic indicating added text, with respectto the current draft of the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) specification.

1. INTRODUCTION

This document is related to video coding technologies. Specifically, itis about the definitions of subpicture types and the relationships interms of decoding order, output order, and prediction relationshipbetween different types of subpictures, in both single-layer andmulti-layer contexts. The key is to clearly specify the meaning of mixedsubpicture types within a picture through a set of constraints ondecoding order, output order, and prediction relationship. The ideas maybe applied individually or in various combination, to any video codingstandard or non-standard video codec that supports multi-layer videocoding, e.g., the being-developed Versatile Video Coding (VVC).

2. ABBREVIATIONS

APS Adaptation Parameter Set

AU Access Unit

AUD Access Unit Delimiter

AVC Advanced Video Coding

CLVS Coded Layer Video Sequence

CPB Coded Picture Buffer

CRA Clean Random Access

CTU Coding Tree Unit

CVS Coded Video Sequence

DCI Decoding Capability Information

DPB Decoded Picture Buffer

EOB End Of Bitstream

EOS End Of Sequence

GDR Gradual Decoding Refresh

HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding

HRD Hypothetical Reference Decoder

IDR Instantaneous Decoding Refresh

JEM Joint Exploration Model

MCTS Motion-Constrained Tile Sets

NAL Network Abstraction Layer

OLS Output Layer Set

PH Picture Header

PPS Picture Parameter Set

PTL Profile, Tier and Level

PU Picture Unit

RADL Random Access Decodable Leading (Picture)

RAP Random Access Point

RASL Random Access Skipped Leading (Picture)

RB SP Raw Byte Sequence Payload

RPL Reference Picture List

SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information

SPS Sequence Parameter Set

STSA Step-wise Temporal Sublayer Access

SVC Scalable Video Coding

VCL Video Coding Layer

VPS Video Parameter Set

VTM VVC Test Model

VUI Video Usability Information

VVC Versatile Video Coding

3. INITIAL DISCUSSION

Video coding standards have evolved primarily through the development ofthe well-known International Telecommunication Union—TelecommunicationStandardization Sector (ITU-T) and International Organization forStandardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)standards. The ITU-T produced H.261 and H.263, ISO/IEC produced MovingPicture Experts Group (MPEG)-1 and MPEG-4 Visual, and the twoorganizations jointly produced the H.262/MPEG-2 Video and H.264/MPEG-4Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding(HEVC) standards. Since H.262, the video coding standards are based onthe hybrid video coding structure wherein temporal prediction plustransform coding are utilized. To explore the future video codingtechnologies beyond HEVC, the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) wasfounded by Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and MPEG jointly in 2015.Since then, many new methods have been adopted by JVET and put into thereference software named Joint Exploration Model (JEM). The JVET meetingis concurrently held once every quarter, and the new coding standard istargeting at 50% bitrate reduction as compared to HEVC. The new videocoding standard was officially named as Versatile Video Coding (VVC) inthe April 2018 JVET meeting, and the first version of VVC test model(VTM) was released at that time. As there are continuous effortcontributing to VVC standardization, new coding techniques are beingadopted to the VVC standard in every JVET meeting. The VVC working draftand test model VTM are then updated after every meeting. The VVC projectis now aiming for technical completion Final Draft InternationalStandard (FDIS) at the July 2020 meeting.

3.1. Picture Partitioning Schemes in HEVC

HEVC includes four different picture partitioning schemes, namelyregular slices, dependent slices, tiles, and Wavefront ParallelProcessing (WPP), which may be applied for Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU)size matching, parallel processing, and reduced end-to-end delay.

Regular slices are similar as in H.264/AVC. Each regular slice isencapsulated in its own Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) unit, andin-picture prediction (intra sample prediction, motion informationprediction, coding mode prediction) and entropy coding dependency acrossslice boundaries are disabled. Thus, a regular slice can bereconstructed independently from other regular slices within the samepicture (though there may still have interdependencies due to loopfiltering operations).

The regular slice is the only tool that can be used for parallelizationthat is also available, in virtually identical form, in H.264/AVC.Regular slices based parallelization does not require muchinter-processor or inter-core communication (except for inter-processoror inter-core data sharing for motion compensation when decoding apredictively coded picture, which is typically much heavier thaninter-processor or inter-core data sharing due to in-pictureprediction). However, for the same reason, the use of regular slices canincur substantial coding overhead due to the bit cost of the sliceheader and due to the lack of prediction across the slice boundaries.Further, regular slices (in contrast to the other tools mentioned below)also serve as the key mechanism for bitstream partitioning to match MTUsize requirements, due to the in-picture independence of regular slicesand that each regular slice is encapsulated in its own NAL unit. In manycases, the goal of parallelization and the goal of MTU size matchingplace contradicting demands to the slice layout in a picture. Therealization of this situation led to the development of theparallelization tools mentioned below.

Dependent slices have short slice headers and allow partitioning of thebitstream at treeblock boundaries without breaking any in-pictureprediction. Generally, dependent slices provide fragmentation of regularslices into multiple NAL units, to provide reduced end-to-end delay byallowing a part of a regular slice to be sent out before the encoding ofthe entire regular slice is finished.

In WPP, the picture is partitioned into single rows of coding treeblocks (CTBs). Entropy decoding and prediction are allowed to use datafrom CTBs in other partitions. Parallel processing is possible throughparallel decoding of CTB rows, where the start of the decoding of a CTBrow is delayed by two CTBs, so to ensure that data related to a CTBabove and to the right of the subject CTB is available before thesubject CTB is being decoded. Using this staggered start (which appearslike a wavefront when represented graphically), parallelization ispossible with up to as many processors/cores as the picture contains CTBrows. Because in-picture prediction between neighboring treeblock rowswithin a picture is permitted, the required inter-processor/inter-corecommunication to enable in-picture prediction can be substantial. TheWPP partitioning does not result in the production of additional NALunits compared to when it is not applied, thus WPP is not a tool for MTUsize matching. However, if MTU size matching is required, regular slicescan be used with WPP, with certain coding overhead.

Tiles define horizontal and vertical boundaries that partition a pictureinto tile columns and rows. Tile column runs from the top of a pictureto the bottom of the picture. Likewise, tile row runs from the left ofthe picture to the right of the picture. The number of tiles in apicture can be derived simply as number of tile columns multiply bynumber of tile rows.

The scan order of CTBs is changed to be local within a tile (in theorder of a CTB raster scan of a tile), before decoding the top-left CTBof the next tile in the order of tile raster scan of a picture. Similarto regular slices, tiles break in-picture prediction dependencies aswell as entropy decoding dependencies. However, they do not need to beincluded into individual NAL units (same as WPP in this regard); hence,tiles cannot be used for MTU size matching. Each tile can be processedby one processor/core, and the inter-processor/inter-core communicationrequired for in-picture prediction between processing units decodingneighboring tiles is limited to conveying the shared slice header incases a slice is spanning more than one tile, and loop filtering relatedsharing of reconstructed samples and metadata. When more than one tileor WPP segment is included in a slice, the entry point byte offset foreach tile or WPP segment other than the first one in the slice issignaled in the slice header.

For simplicity, restrictions on the application of the four differentpicture partitioning schemes have been specified in HEVC. A given codedvideo sequence cannot include both tiles and wavefronts for most of theprofiles specified in HEVC. For each slice and tile, either or both ofthe following conditions must be fulfilled: 1) all coded treeblocks in aslice belong to the same tile; 2) all coded treeblocks in a tile belongto the same slice. Finally, a wavefront segment contains exactly one CTBrow, and when WPP is in use, if a slice starts within a CTB row, it mustend in the same CTB row.

A recent amendment to HEVC is specified in the Joint Collaborative Teamon Video Coding (JCT-VC) output document JCTVC-AC1005, J. Boyce, A.Ramasubramonian, R. Skupin, G. J. Sullivan, A. Tourapis, Y.-K. Wang(editors), “HEVC Additional Supplemental Enhancement Information (Draft4),” Oct. 24, 2017, publicly available herein:http://phenix.int-evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/29_Macau/wg11/JCTVC-AC1005-v2.zip. With this amendment included, HEVC specifies threeMotion-Constrained Tile Set (MCTS)-related Supplemental EnhancementInformation (SEI) messages, namely temporal MCTSs SEI message, MCTSsextraction information set SEI message, and MCTSs extraction informationnesting SEI message.

The temporal MCTSs SEI message indicates existence of MCTSs in thebitstream and signals the MCTSs. For each MCTS, motion vectors arerestricted to point to full-sample locations inside the MCTS and tofractional-sample locations that require only full-sample locationsinside the MCTS for interpolation, and the usage of motion vectorcandidates for temporal motion vector prediction derived from blocksoutside the MCTS is disallowed. This way, each MCTS may be independentlydecoded without the existence of tiles not included in the MCTS.

The MCTSs extraction information sets SEI message provides supplementalinformation that can be used in the MCTS sub-bitstream extraction(specified as part of the semantics of the SEI message) to generate aconforming bitstream for an MCTS set. The information consists of anumber of extraction information sets, each defining a number of MCTSsets and containing Raw Byte Sequence Payload (RBSP) bytes of thereplacement Video Parameter Sets (VPSs), Sequence Parameter Sets (SPSs),and Picture Parameter Sets (PPSs) to be used during the MCTSsub-bitstream extraction process. When extracting a sub-bitstreamaccording to the MCTS sub-bitstream extraction process, parameter sets(VPSs, SPSs, and PPSs) need to be rewritten or replaced, slice headersneed to be slightly updated because one or all of the slice addressrelated syntax elements (including first_slice_segment_in_pic_flag andslice_segment_address) typically would need to have different values.

3.2. Partitioning of Pictures in VVC

In VVC, A picture is divided into one or more tile rows and one or moretile columns. A tile is a sequence of Coding Tree Units (CTUs) thatcovers a rectangular region of a picture. The CTUs in a tile are scannedin raster scan order within that tile.

A slice consists of an integer number of complete tiles or an integernumber of consecutive complete CTU rows within a tile of a picture.

Two modes of slices are supported, namely the raster-scan slice mode andthe rectangular slice mode. In the raster-scan slice mode, a slicecontains a sequence of complete tiles in a tile raster scan of apicture. In the rectangular slice mode, a slice contains either a numberof complete tiles that collectively form a rectangular region of thepicture or a number of consecutive complete CTU rows of one tile thatcollectively form a rectangular region of the picture. Tiles within arectangular slice are scanned in tile raster scan order within therectangular region corresponding to that slice.

A subpicture contains one or more slices that collectively cover arectangular region of a picture.

FIG. 1 shows an example of raster-scan slice partitioning of a picture,where the picture is divided into 12 tiles and 3 raster-scan slices.

FIG. 2 shows an example of rectangular slice partitioning of a picture,where the picture is divided into 24 tiles (6 tile columns and 4 tilerows) and 9 rectangular slices.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a picture partitioned into tiles andrectangular slices, where the picture is divided into 4 tiles (2 tilecolumns and 2 tile rows) and 4 rectangular slices.

FIG. 4 shows an example of subpicture partitioning of a picture, where apicture is partitioned into 18 tiles, 12 on the left-hand side eachcovering one slice of 4 by 4 CTUs and 6 tiles on the right-hand sideeach covering 2 vertically-stacked slices of 2 by 2 CTUs, altogetherresulting in 24 slices and 24 subpictures of varying dimensions (eachslice is a subpicture).

3.3. Picture Resolution Change within a Sequence

In AVC and HEVC, the spatial resolution of pictures cannot change unlessa new sequence using a new SPS starts, with an Intra Random Access Point(IRAP) picture. VVC enables picture resolution change within a sequenceat a position without encoding an IRAP picture, which is alwaysintra-coded. This feature is sometimes referred to as reference pictureresampling (RPR), as the feature needs resampling of a reference pictureused for inter prediction when that reference picture has a differentresolution than the current picture being decoded.

The scaling ratio is restricted to be larger than or equal to 1/2 (2times downsampling from the reference picture to the current picture),and less than or equal to 8 (8 times upsampling). Three sets ofresampling filters with different frequency cutoffs are specified tohandle various scaling ratios between a reference picture and thecurrent picture. The three sets of resampling filters are appliedrespectively for the scaling ratio ranging from 1/2 to 1/1.75, from1/1.75 to 1/1.25, and from 1/1.25 to 8. Each set of resampling filtershas 16 phases for luma and 32 phases for chroma which is same to thecase of motion compensation interpolation filters. Actually, the normalmotion compensation (MC) interpolation process is a special case of theresampling process with scaling ratio ranging from 1/1.25 to 8. Thehorizontal and vertical scaling ratios are derived based on picturewidth and height, and the left, right, top and bottom scaling offsetsspecified for the reference picture and the current picture.

Other aspects of the VVC design for support of this feature that aredifferent from HEVC include: i) The picture resolution and thecorresponding conformance window are signaled in the PPS instead of inthe SPS, while in the SPS the maximum picture resolution is signaled.ii) For a single-layer bitstream, each picture store (a slot in theDecoded Picture Buffer (DPB) for storage of one decoded picture)occupies the buffer size as required for storing a decoded picturehaving the maximum picture resolution.

3.4. Scalable Video Coding (SVC) in General and in VVC

Scalable video coding (SVC), which is sometimes also just referred to asscalability in video coding, refers to video coding in which a baselayer (BL), sometimes referred to as a reference layer (RL), and one ormore scalable enhancement layers (ELs) are used. In SVC, the base layercan carry video data with a base level of quality. The one or moreenhancement layers can carry additional video data to support, forexample, higher spatial, temporal, and/or signal-to-noise (SNR) levels.Enhancement layers may be defined relative to a previously encodedlayer. For example, a bottom layer may serve as a BL, while a top layermay serve as an EL. Middle layers may serve as either ELs or RLs, orboth. For example, a middle layer (e.g., a layer that is neither thelowest layer nor the highest layer) may be an EL for the layers belowthe middle layer, such as the base layer or any intervening enhancementlayers, and at the same time serve as a RL for one or more enhancementlayers above the middle layer. Similarly, in the Multiview orthree-dimensional (3D) extension of the HEVC standard, there may bemultiple views, and information of one view may be utilized to code(e.g., encode or decode) the information of another view (e.g., motionestimation, motion vector prediction and/or other redundancies).

In SVC, the parameters used by the encoder or the decoder are groupedinto parameter sets based on the coding level (e.g., video-level,sequence-level, picture-level, slice level, etc.) in which they may beutilized. For example, parameters that may be utilized by one or morecoded video sequences of different layers in the bitstream may beincluded in a video parameter set (VP S), and parameters that areutilized by one or more pictures in a coded video sequence may beincluded in a sequence parameter set (SPS). Similarly, parameters thatare utilized by one or more slices in a picture may be included in apicture parameter set (PPS), and other parameters that are specific to asingle slice may be included in a slice header. Similarly, theindication of which parameter set(s) a particular layer is using at agiven time may be provided at various coding levels.

Thanks to the support of reference picture resampling (RPR) in VVC,support of a bitstream containing multiple layers, e.g., two layers withstandard definition (SD) and high definition (HD) resolutions in VVC canbe designed without the need any additional signal-processing-levelcoding tool, as upsampling needed for spatial scalability support canjust use the RPR upsampling filter. Nevertheless, high-level syntaxchanges (compared to not supporting scalability) are needed forscalability support. Scalability support is specified in VVC version 1.Different from the scalability supports in any earlier video codingstandards, including in extensions of AVC and HEVC, the design of VVCscalability has been made friendly to single-layer decoder designs asmuch as possible. The decoding capability for multi-layer bitstreams arespecified in a manner as if there were only a single layer in thebitstream. For example, the decoding capability, such as DPB size, isspecified in a manner that is independent of the number of layers in thebitstream to be decoded. Generally, a decoder designed for single-layerbitstreams does not need much change to be able to decode multi-layerbitstreams. Compared to the designs of multi-layer extensions of AVC andHEVC, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Live Streaming (HLS)aspects have been significantly simplified at the sacrifice of someflexibilities. For example, an IRAP Access Unit (AU) is required tocontain a picture for each of the layers present in the Coded VideoSequence (CVS).

3.5. Random Access and its Supports in HEVC and VVC

Random access refers to starting access and decoding of a bitstream froma picture that is not the first picture of the bitstream in decodingorder. To support tuning in and channel switching in broadcast/multicastand multiparty video conferencing, seeking in local playback andstreaming, as well as stream adaptation in streaming, the bitstreamneeds to include frequent random access points, which are typicallyintra coded pictures but may also be inter-coded pictures (e.g., in thecase of gradual decoding refresh).

HEVC includes signaling of intra random access points (IRAP) pictures inthe NAL unit header, through NAL unit types. Three types of IRAPpictures are supported, namely instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR),clean random access (CRA), and broken link access (BLA) pictures. IDRpictures are constraining the inter-picture prediction structure to notreference any picture before the current group-of-pictures (GOP),conventionally referred to as closed-GOP random access points. CRApictures are less restrictive by allowing certain pictures to referencepictures before the current GOP, all of which are discarded in case of arandom access. CRA pictures are conventionally referred to as open-GOPrandom access points. BLA pictures usually originate from splicing oftwo bitstreams or part thereof at a CRA picture such as during streamswitching. To enable better systems usage of IRAP pictures, altogethersix different NAL units are defined to signal the properties of the IRAPpictures, which can be used to better match the stream access pointtypes as defined in the ISO base media file format (ISOBMFF), which areutilized for random access support in dynamic adaptive streaming overHTTP (DASH).

VVC supports three types of IRAP pictures, two types of IDR pictures(one type with or the other type without associated Random AccessDecodable Leading (RADL) pictures) and one type of CRA picture. Theseare generally the same as in HEVC. The BLA picture types in HEVC are notincluded in VVC, due to two reasons: i) The basic functionality of BLApictures can be realized by CRA pictures plus the end of sequence NALunit, the presence of which indicates that the subsequent picture startsa new CVS in a single-layer bitstream. ii) There was a desire inspecifying less NAL unit types than HEVC during the development of VVC,as indicated by the use of five instead of six bits for the NAL unittype field in the NAL unit header.

Another difference in random access support between VVC and HEVC is thesupport of Gradual Decoding Refresh (GDR) in a more normative manner inVVC. In GDR, the decoding of a bitstream can start from an inter-codedpicture and although at the beginning not the entire picture region canbe correctly decoded but after a number of pictures the entire pictureregion would be correct. AVC and HEVC also support GDR, using therecovery point SEI message for signaling of GDR random access points andthe recovery points. In VVC, a new NAL unit type is specified forindication of GDR pictures and the recovery point is signaled in thepicture header syntax structure. A CVS and a bitstream are allowed tostart with a GDR picture. This means that it is allowed for an entirebitstream to contain only inter-coded pictures without a singleintra-coded picture. The main benefit of specifying GDR support this wayis to provide a conforming behavior for GDR. GDR enables encoders tosmooth the bit rate of a bitstream by distributing intra-coded slices orblocks in multiple pictures as opposed intra coding entire pictures,thus allowing significant end-to-end delay reduction, which isconsidered more important nowadays than before as ultralow delayapplications like wireless display, online gaming, drone basedapplications become more popular.

Another GDR related feature in VVC is the virtual boundary signaling.The boundary between the refreshed region (i.e., the correctly decodedregion) and the unrefreshed region at a picture between a GDR pictureand its recovery point can be signaled as a virtual boundary, and whensignaled, in-loop filtering across the boundary would not be applied,thus a decoding mismatch for some samples at or near the boundary wouldnot occur. This can be useful when the application determines to displaythe correctly decoded regions during the GDR process.

IRAP pictures and GDR pictures can be collectively referred to as randomaccess point (RAP) pictures.

3.6. Reference Picture Management and Reference Picture Lists (RPLs)

Reference picture management is a core functionality that is necessaryfor any video coding scheme that uses inter prediction. It manages thestorage and removal of reference pictures into and from a decodedpicture buffer (DPB) and puts reference pictures in their proper orderin the RPLs.

The reference picture management of HEVC, including reference picturemarking and removal from the decoded picture buffer (DPB) as well asreference picture list construction (RPLC), differs from that of AVC.Instead of the reference picture marking mechanism based on a slidingwindow plus adaptive memory management control operation (MMCO) in AVC,HEVC specifies a reference picture management and marking mechanismbased on so-called reference picture set (RPS), and the RPLC isconsequently based on the RPS mechanism. An RPS consists of a set ofreference pictures associated with a picture, consisting of allreference pictures that are prior to the associated picture in decodingorder, that may be used for inter prediction of the associated pictureor any picture following the associated picture in decoding order. Thereference picture set consists of five lists of reference pictures. Thefirst three lists contain all reference pictures that may be used ininter prediction of the current picture and that may be used in interprediction of one or more of the pictures following the current picturein decoding order. The other two lists consist of all reference picturesthat are not used in inter prediction of the current picture but may beused in inter prediction of one or more of the pictures following thecurrent picture in decoding order. RPS provides an “intra-coded”signaling of the DPB status, instead of an “inter-coded” signaling as inAVC, mainly for improved error resilience. The RPLC process in HEVC isbased on the RPS, by signaling an index to an RPS subset for eachreference index; this process is simpler than the RPLC process in AVC.

Reference picture management in VVC is more similar to HEVC than AVC,but is somewhat simpler and more robust. As in those standards, twoRPLs, list 0 and list 1, are derived, but they are not based on thereference picture set concept used in HEVC or the automatic slidingwindow process used in AVC; instead they are signaled more directly.Reference pictures are listed for the RPLs as either active and inactiveentries, and only the active entries may be used as reference indices ininter prediction of CTUs of the current picture. Inactive entriesindicate other pictures to be held in the DPB for referencing by otherpictures that arrive later in the bitstream.

3.7. Parameter Sets

AVC, HEVC, and VVC specify parameter sets. The types of parameter setsinclude SPS, PPS, Adaptation Parameter Set (APS), and VPS. SPS and PPSare supported in all of AVC, HEVC, and VVC. VPS was introduced sinceHEVC and is included in both HEVC and VVC. APS was not included in AVCor HEVC but is included in the latest VVC draft text.

SPS was designed to carry sequence-level header information, and PPS wasdesigned to carry infrequently changing picture-level headerinformation. With SPS and PPS, infrequently changing information neednot to be repeated for each sequence or picture, hence redundantsignaling of this information can be avoided. Furthermore, the use ofSPS and PPS enables out-of-band transmission of the important headerinformation, thus not only avoiding the need for redundant transmissionsbut also improving error resilience.

VPS was introduced for carrying sequence-level header information thatis common for all layers in multi-layer bitstreams.

APS was introduced for carrying such picture-level or slice-levelinformation that needs quite some bits to code, can be shared bymultiple pictures, and in a sequence there can be quite many differentvariations.

3.8. Related Definitions in VVC

Related definitions in the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15) are asfollows. associated IRAP picture (of a particular picture): The previousIRAP picture in decoding order (when present) having the same value ofnuh_layer_id as the particular picture.

-   -   clean random access (CRA) Picture Unit (PU): A PU in which the        coded picture is a CRA picture.    -   clean random access (CRA) picture: An IRAP picture for which        each Video Coding Layer (VCL) NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal        to CRA_NUT.    -   coded video sequence (CVS): A sequence of AUs that consists, in        decoding order, of a CVSS AU, followed by zero or more AUs that        are not CVSS AUs, including all subsequent AUs up to but not        including any subsequent AU that is a CVSS AU.    -   coded video sequence start (CVSS) AU: An AU in which there is a        PU for each layer in the CVS and the coded picture in each PU is        a Coded Layer Video Sequence Start (CLVSS) picture.    -   gradual decoding refresh (GDR) AU: An AU in which the coded        picture in each present PU is a GDR picture.    -   gradual decoding refresh (GDR) PU: A PU in which the coded        picture is a GDR picture.    -   gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture: A picture for which each        VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to GDR NUT.    -   instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) PU: A PU in which the coded        picture is an IDR picture.    -   instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture: An IRAP picture        for which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to        IDR_W_RADL or IDR_N_LP.    -   intra random access point (IRAP) AU: An AU in which there is a        PU for each layer in the CVS and the coded picture in each PU is        an IRAP picture.    -   intra random access point (IRAP) PU: A PU in which the coded        picture is an IRAP picture.    -   intra random access point (IRAP) picture: A coded picture for        which all VCL NAL units have the same value of nal_unit_type in        the range of IDR_W_RADL to CRA_NUT, inclusive.    -   leading picture: A picture that is in the same layer as the        associated IRAP picture and precedes the associated IRAP picture        in output order.    -   output order: The order in which the decoded pictures are output        from the DPB (for the decoded pictures that are to be output        from the DPB).    -   random access decodable leading (RADL) PU: A PU in which the        coded picture is a RADL picture.    -   random access decodable leading (RADL) picture: A picture for        which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to RADL_NUT.    -   random access skipped leading (RASL) PU: A PU in which the coded        picture is a RASL picture.    -   random access skipped leading (RASL) picture: A picture for        which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to RASL_NUT.    -   step-wise temporal sublayer access (STSA) PU: A PU in which the        coded picture is an STSA picture.    -   step-wise temporal sublayer access (STSA) picture: A picture for        which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to STSA NUT.        -   NOTE—An STSA picture does not use pictures with the same            TemporalId as the STSA picture for inter prediction            reference. Pictures following an STSA picture in decoding            order with the same TemporalId as the STSA picture do not            use pictures prior to the STSA picture in decoding order            with the same TemporalId as the STSA picture for inter            prediction reference. An STSA picture enables up-switching,            at the STSA picture, to the sublayer containing the STSA            picture, from the immediately lower sublayer. STSA pictures            must have TemporalId greater than 0.    -   subpicture: An rectangular region of one or more slices within a        picture.    -   trailing picture: A non-IRAP picture that follows the associated        IRAP picture in output order and is not an STSA picture.        -   NOTE—Trailing pictures associated with an IRAP picture also            follow the IRAP picture in decoding order. Pictures that            follow the associated IRAP picture in output order and            precede the associated IRAP picture in decoding order are            not allowed.

3.9. NAL Unit Header Syntax and Semantics in VVC

In the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15), the NAL unit headersyntax and semantics are as follows.

7.3.1.2 NAL Unit Header Syntax

Descriptor nal_unit_header( ) {  forbidden_zero_bit f(1) nuh_reserved_zero_bit u(1)  nuh_layer_id u(6)  nal_unit_type u(5) nuh_temporal_id_plus1 u(3) }

7.4.2.2 NAL Unit Header Semantics

forbidden_zero_bit shall be equal to 0.nuh_reserved_zero_bit shall be equal to 0. The value 1 ofnuh_reserved_zero_bit may be specified in the future by ITU-T | ISO/IEC.Decoders shall ignore (i.e. remove from the bitstream and discard) NALunits with nuh_reserved_zero_bit equal to 1.nuh_layer_id specifies the identifier of the layer to which a VCL NALunit belongs or the identifier of a layer to which a non-VCL NAL unitapplies. The value of nuh_layer_id shall be in the range of 0 to 55,inclusive. Other values for nuh_layer_id are reserved for future use byITU-T | ISO/IEC.The value of nuh_layer_id shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of acoded picture. The value of nuh_layer_id of a coded picture or a PU isthe value of the nuh_layer_id of the VCL NAL units of the coded pictureor the PU.The value of nuh_layer_id for Access Unit Delimiter (AUD), PictureHeader (PH), End Of Sequence (EOS), and Filler Data (FD) NAL units isconstrained as follows:

-   -   If nal_unit_type is equal to AUD NUT, nuh_layer_id shall be        equal to vps_layer_id[0].    -   Otherwise, when nal_unit_type is equal to PH_NUT, EOS_NUT, or        FD_NUT, nuh_layer_id shall be equal to the nuh_layer_id of        associated VCL NAL unit.    -   NOTE 1—The value of nuh_layer_id of Decoding Capability        Information (DCI), VPS, and End Of Bitstream (EOB) NAL units is        not constrained.        The value of nal_unit_type shall be the same for all pictures of        a CVSS AU.        nal_unit_type specifies the NAL unit type, i.e., the type of        RBSP data structure contained in the NAL unit as specified in        Table 5.        NAL units that have nal_unit_type in the range of UNSPEC_28 . .        . UNSPEC_31, inclusive, for which semantics are not specified,        shall not affect the decoding process specified in this        Specification.    -   NOTE 2—NAL unit types in the range of UNSPEC_28 . . . UNSPEC_31        may be used as determined by the application. No decoding        process for these values of nal_unit_type is specified in this        Specification. Since different applications might use these NAL        unit types for different purposes, particular care must be        exercised in the design of encoders that generate NAL units with        these nal_unit_type values, and in the design of decoders that        interpret the content of NAL units with these nal_unit_type        values. This Specification does not define any management for        these values. These nal_unit_type values might only be suitable        for use in contexts in which “collisions” of usage (i.e.,        different definitions of the meaning of the NAL unit content for        the same nal_unit_type value) are unimportant, or not possible,        or are managed—e.g., defined or managed in the controlling        application or transport specification, or by controlling the        environment in which bitstreams are distributed.        For purposes other than determining the amount of data in the        DUs of the bitstream (as specified in Annex C), decoders shall        ignore (remove from the bitstream and discard) the contents of        all NAL units that use reserved values of nal_unit_type.    -   NOTE 3—This requirement allows future definition of compatible        extensions to this Specification.

TABLE 5 NAL unit type codes and NAL unit type classes Name of Content ofNAL unit and RBSP syntax NAL unit nal_unit_type nal_unit_type structuretype class 0 TRAIL_NUT Coded slice of a trailing picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( ) 1 STSA_NUT Coded slice of an STSA picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( ) 2 RADL_NUT Coded slice of a RADL picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( ) 3 RASL_NUT Coded slice of a RASL picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( ) 4 . . . 6 RSV_VCL_4 . . . Reserved non-IRAP VCL NALunit types VCL RSV_VCL_6 7 IDR_W_RADL Coded slice of an IDR picture VCL8 IDR_N_LP slice_layer_rbsp( ) 9 CRA_NUT Coded slice of a CRA pictureVCL silce_layer_rbsp( ) 10 GDR_NUT Coded slice of a GDR picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( ) 11 RSV_IRAP_11 Reserved IRAP VCL NAL unit types VCL12 RSV_IRAP_12 13 DCI_NUT Decoding capability information non-VCLdecoding_capability_information_rbsp( ) 14 VPS_NUT Video parameter setnon-VCL video_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 15 SPS_NUT Sequence parameter setnon-VCL seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 16 PPS_NUT Picture parameter setnon-VCL pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 17 PREFIX_APS_NUT Adaptation parameterset non-VCL 18 SUFFIX_APS_NUT adaptation_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 19 PH_NUTPicture header non-VCL picture_header_rbsp( ) 20 AUD_NUT AU delimiternon-VCL access_unit_delimiter_rbsp( ) 21 EOS_NUT End of sequence non-VCLend_of_seq_rbsp( ) 22 EOB_NUT End of bitstream non-VCLend_of_bitstream_rbsp( ) 23 PREFIX_SEI_NUT Supplemental enhancementinformation non-VCL 24 SUFFIX_SEI_NUT sei_rbsp( ) 25 FD_NUT Filler datanon-VCL filler_data_rbsp( ) 26 RSV_NVCL_26 Reserved non-VCL NAL unittypes non-VCL 27 RSV_NVCL_27 28 . . . 31 UNSPEC_28 . . . Unspecifiednon-VCL NAL unit types non-VCL UNSPEC_31

-   -   NOTE 4—A clean random access (CRA) picture may have associated        RASL or RADL pictures present in the bitstream.    -   NOTE 5—An instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture having        nal_unit_type equal to IDR_N_LP does not have associated leading        pictures present in the bitstream. An IDR picture having        nal_unit_type equal to IDR_W_RADL does not have associated RASL        pictures present in the bitstream, but may have associated RADL        pictures in the bitstream.        The value of nal_unit_type shall be the same for all VCL NAL        units of a subpicture. A subpicture is referred to as having the        same NAL unit type as the VCL NAL units of the subpicture.        For VCL NAL units of any particular picture, the following        applies:    -   If mixed nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 0, the value of        nal_unit_type shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of a        picture, and a picture or a PU is referred to as having the same        NAL unit type as the coded slice NAL units of the picture or PU.    -   Otherwise (mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 1), the        picture shall have at least two subpictures and VCL NAL units of        the picture shall have exactly two different nal_unit_type        values as follows: the VCL NAL units of at least one subpicture        of the picture shall all have a particular value of        nal_unit_type equal to STSA_NUT, RADL_NUT, RASL_NUT, IDR_W_RADL,        IDR_N_LP, or CRA_NUT, while the VCL NAL units of other        subpictures in the picture shall all have a different particular        value of nal_unit_type equal to TRAIL_NUT, RADL_NUT, or        RASL_NUT.        For a single-layer bitstream, the following constraints apply:    -   Each picture, other than the first picture in the bitstream in        decoding order, is considered to be associated with the previous        IRAP picture in decoding order.    -   When a picture is a leading picture of an IRAP picture, it shall        be a RADL or RASL picture.    -   When a picture is a trailing picture of an IRAP picture, it        shall not be a RADL or RASL picture.    -   No RASL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are        associated with an IDR picture.    -   No RADL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are        associated with an IDR picture having nal_unit_type equal to        IDR_N_LP.        -   NOTE 6—It is possible to perform random access at the            position of an IRAP PU by discarding all PUs before the IRAP            PU (and to correctly decode the IRAP picture and all the            subsequent non-RASL pictures in decoding order), provided            each parameter set is available (either in the bitstream or            by external means not specified in this Specification) when            it is referenced.    -   Any picture that precedes an IRAP picture in decoding order        shall precede the IRAP picture in output order and shall precede        any RADL picture associated with the IRAP picture in output        order.    -   Any RASL picture associated with a CRA picture shall precede any        RADL picture associated with the CRA picture in output order.    -   Any RASL picture associated with a CRA picture shall follow, in        output order, any IRAP picture that precedes the CRA picture in        decoding order.    -   If field_seq_flag is equal to 0 and the current picture is a        leading picture associated with an IRAP picture, it shall        precede, in decoding order, all non-leading pictures that are        associated with the same IRAP picture. Otherwise, let picA and        picB be the first and the last leading pictures, in decoding        order, associated with an IRAP picture, respectively, there        shall be at most one non-leading picture preceding picA in        decoding order, and there shall be no non-leading picture        between picA and picB in decoding order.        nuh_temporal_id_plus1 minus 1 specifies a temporal identifier        for the NAL unit.        The value of nuh_temporal_id_plus1 shall not be equal to 0.        The variable TemporalId is derived as follows:

TemporalId=nuh_temporal_id_plus1−1  (36)

When nal_unit_type is in the range of IDR_W_RADL to RSV_IRAP_12,inclusive, TemporalId shall be equal to 0.When nal_unit_type is equal to STSA_NUT andvps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1,TemporalId shall not be equal to 0.The value of TemporalId shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of anAU. The value of TemporalId of a coded picture, a PU, or an AU is thevalue of the TemporalId of the VCL NAL units of the coded picture, PU,or AU. The value of TemporalId of a sublayer representation is thegreatest value of TemporalId of all VCL NAL units in the sublayerrepresentation.The value of TemporalId for non-VCL NAL units is constrained as follows:

-   -   If nal_unit_type is equal to DCI_NUT, VPS_NUT, or SPS_NUT,        TemporalId shall be equal to 0 and the TemporalId of the AU        containing the NAL unit shall be equal to 0.    -   Otherwise, if nal_unit_type is equal to PH_NUT, TemporalId shall        be equal to the TemporalId of the PU containing the NAL unit.    -   Otherwise, if nal_unit_type is equal to EOS_NUT or EOB_NUT,        TemporalId shall be equal to 0.    -   Otherwise, if nal_unit_type is equal to AUD_NUT, FD_NUT,        PREFIX_SEI_NUT, or SUFFIX_SEI_NUT, TemporalId shall be equal to        the TemporalId of the AU containing the NAL unit.    -   Otherwise, when nal_unit_type is equal to PPS_NUT,        PREFIX_APS_NUT, or SUFFIX_APS_NUT, TemporalId shall be greater        than or equal to the TemporalId of the PU containing the NAL        unit.    -   NOTE 7—When the NAL unit is a non-VCL NAL unit, the value of        TemporalId is equal to the minimum value of the TemporalId        values of all AUs to which the non-VCL NAL unit applies. When        nal_unit_type is equal to PPS_NUT, PREFIX_APS_NUT, or        SUFFIX_APS_NUT, TemporalId may be greater than or equal to the        TemporalId of the containing AU, as all PPSs and APSs may be        included in the beginning of the bitstream (e.g., when they are        transported out-of-band, and the receiver places them at the        beginning of the bitstream), wherein the first coded picture has        TemporalId equal to 0.

3.10. Mixed NAL Unit Types within a Picture 7.4.3.4 Picture ParameterSet Semantics

. . .mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies that each picturereferring to the PPS has more than one VCL NAL unit, the VCL NAL unitsdo not have the same value of nal_unit_type, and the picture is not anIRAP picture. mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag equal to 0 specifies thateach picture referring to the PPS has one or more VCL NAL units and theVCL NAL units of each picture referring to the PPS have the same valueof nal_unit_type.When no_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the valueof mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag shall be equal to 0.For each slice with a nal_unit_type value nalUnitTypeA in the range ofIDR_W_RADL to CRA_NUT, inclusive, in a picture picA that also containsone or more slices with another value of nal_unit_type (i.e., the valueof mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag for the picture picA is equal to 1), thefollowing applies:

-   -   The slice shall belong to a subpicture subpicA for which the        value of the corresponding subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[i] is        equal to 1.    -   The slice shall not belong to a subpicture of picA containing        VCL NAL units with nal_unit_type not equal to nalUnitTypeA.    -   If nalUnitTypeA is equal to CRA, for all the following PUs        following the current picture in the CLVS in decoding order and        in output order, neither RefPicList[0] nor RefPicList[1] of a        slice in subpicA in those PUs shall include any picture        preceding picA in decoding order in an active entry.    -   Otherwise (i.e., nalUnitTypeA is equal to IDR_W_RADL or        IDR_N_LP), for all the PUs in the CLVS following the current        picture in decoding order, neither RefPicList[0] nor        RefPicList[1] of a slice in subpicA in those PUs shall include        any picture preceding picA in decoding order in an active entry.        -   NOTE 1— mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag equal to 1 indicates            that pictures referring to the PPS contain slices with            different NAL unit types, e.g., coded pictures originating            from a subpicture bitstream merging operation for which            encoders have to ensure matching bitstream structure and            further alignment of parameters of the original bitstreams.            One example of such alignments is as follows: When the value            of sps_idr_rpl_present_flag is equal to 0 and            mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 1, a picture            referring to the PPS cannot have slices with nal_unit_type            equal to IDR_W_RADL or IDR_N_LP.

3.11. Picture Header Structure Syntax and Semantics in VVC

In the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15), the picture headerstructure syntax and semantics that are most relevant to the technicalsolutions herein are as follows.

7.3.2.7 Picture Header Structure Syntax

Descriptor picture_header_structure( ) {  gdr_or_irap_pic_flag u(1)  if(gdr_or_irap_pic_flag )   gdr_pic_flag u(1)  ...  ph_pic_order_cnt_lsbu(v)  if( gdr_or_irap_pic_flag )   no_output_of_prior_pics_flag u(1) if( gdr_pic_flag )   recovery_poc_cnt ue(v)  ... ue(v) }

7.4.3.7 Picture Header Structure Semantics

The PH syntax structure contains information that is common for allslices of the coded picture associated with the PH syntax structure.gdr_or_irap_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies that the current picture is aGDR or IRAP picture. gdr_or_irap_pic_flag equal to 0 specifies that thecurrent picture may or may not be a GDR or IRAP picture.gdr_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies the picture associated with the PH isa GDR picture. gdr_pic_flag equal to 0 specifies that the pictureassociated with the PH is not a GDR picture. When not present, the valueof gdr_pic_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. When gdr_enabled_flag isequal to 0, the value of gdr_pic_flag shall be equal to 0.

-   -   NOTE 1—When gdr_or_irap_pic_flag is equal to 1 and gdr_pic_flag        is equal to 0, the picture associated with the PH is an IRAP        picture.        ph_pic_order_cnt_lsb specifies the picture order count modulo        MaxPicOrderCntLsb for the current picture. The length of the        ph_pic_order_cnt_lsb syntax element is log        2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits. The value of the        ph_pic_order_cnt_lsb shall be in the range of 0 to        MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1, inclusive.        no_output_of prior_pics_flag affects the output of        previously-decoded pictures in the DPB after the decoding of a        CLVSS picture that is not the first picture in the bitstream as        specified in Annex C.        recovery_poc_cnt specifies the recovery point of decoded        pictures in output order. If the current picture is a GDR        picture that is associated with the PH, and there is a picture        picA that follows the current GDR picture in decoding order in        the CLVS that has PicOrderCntVal equal to the PicOrderCntVal of        the current GDR picture plus the value of recovery_poc_cnt, the        picture picA is referred to as the recovery point picture.        Otherwise, the first picture in output order that has        PicOrderCntVal greater than the PicOrderCntVal of the current        picture plus the value of recovery_poc_cnt is referred to as the        recovery point picture. The recovery point picture shall not        precede the current GDR picture in decoding order. The value of        recovery_poc_cnt shall be in the range of 0 to        MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1, inclusive.        When the current picture is a GDR picture, the variable        RpPicOrderCntVal is derived as follows:

RpPicOrderCntVal=PicOrderCntVal+recovery_poc_cnt  (81)

-   -   NOTE 2—When gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 1 and PicOrderCntVal of        the current picture is greater than or equal to RpPicOrderCntVal        of the associated GDR picture, the current and subsequent        decoded pictures in output order are exact match to the        corresponding pictures produced by starting the decoding process        from the previous IRAP picture, when present, preceding the        associated GDR picture in decoding order.        . . .

3.12. Constraints on RPLs in VVC

In the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15), the constraints on RPLsin VVC are as follows (as part of VVC's clause 8.3.2 Decoding processfor reference picture lists construction).

8.3.2 Decoding Process for Reference Picture Lists Construction

. . .For each i equal to 0 or 1, the first NumRefIdxActive[i] entries inRefPicList[i] are referred to as the active entries in RefPicList[i],and the other entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the inactiveentries in RefPicList[i].

-   -   NOTE 2—It is possible that a particular picture is referred to        by both an entry in RefPicList[0] and an entry in RefPicList[1].        It is also possible that a particular picture is referred to by        more than one entry in RefPicList[0] or by more than one entry        in RefPicList[1].    -   NOTE 3—The active entries in RefPicList[0] and the active        entries in RefPicList[1] collectively refer to all reference        pictures that may be used for inter prediction of the current        picture and one or more pictures that follow the current picture        in decoding order. The inactive entries in RefPicList[0] and the        inactive entries in RefPicList[1] collectively refer to all        reference pictures that are not used for inter prediction of the        current picture but may be used in inter prediction for one or        more pictures that follow the current picture in decoding order.    -   NOTE 4—There may be one or more entries in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that are equal to “no reference picture” because        the corresponding pictures are not present in the DPB. Each        inactive entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[0] that is equal        to “no reference picture” should be ignored. An unintentional        picture loss should be inferred for each active entry in        RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that is equal to “no reference        picture”.        It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the following        constraints apply:    -   For each i equal to 0 or 1, num_ref_entries[i][RplsIdx[i]] shall        not be less than NumRefIdxActive[i].    -   The picture referred to by each active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] shall be present in the DPB and shall have        TemporalId less than or equal to that of the current picture.    -   The picture referred to by each entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] shall not be the current picture and shall have        non reference picture flag equal to 0.    -   A Short-Term Reference Picture (STRP) entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] of a slice of a picture and a Long-Term Reference        Picture (LTRP) entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of the        same slice or a different slice of the same picture shall not        refer to the same picture.    -   There shall be no LTRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]        for which the difference between the PicOrderCntVal of the        current picture and the PicOrderCntVal of the picture referred        to by the entry is greater than or equal to 2²⁴.    -   Let setOfRefPics be the set of unique pictures referred to by        all entries in RefPicList[0] that have the same nuh_layer_id as        the current picture and all entries in RefPicList[1] that have        the same nuh_layer_id as the current picture. The number of        pictures in setOfRefPics shall be less than or equal to        MaxDpbSize−1, inclusive, where MaxDpbSize is as specified in        clause A.4.2, and setOfRefPics shall be the same for all slices        of a picture.    -   When the current slice has nal_unit_type equal to STSA_NUT,        there shall be no active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]        that has TemporalId equal to that of the current picture and        nuh_layer_id equal to that of the current picture.    -   When the current picture is a picture that follows, in decoding        order, an STSA picture that has TemporalId equal to that of the        current picture and nuh_layer_id equal to that of the current        picture, there shall be no picture that precedes the STSA        picture in decoding order, has TemporalId equal to that of the        current picture, and has nuh_layer_id equal to that of the        current picture included as an active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1].    -   When the current picture is a CRA picture, there shall be no        picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that precedes, in output order or decoding order,        any preceding IRAP picture in decoding order (when present).    -   When the current picture is a trailing picture, there shall be        no picture referred to by an active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that was generated by the decoding process for        generating unavailable reference pictures for the IRAP picture        associated with the current picture.    -   When the current picture is a trailing picture that follows, in        both decoding order and output order, one or more leading        pictures associated with the same IRAP picture, if any, there        shall be no picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that was generated by the decoding process for        generating unavailable reference pictures for the IRAP picture        associated with the current picture.    -   When the current picture is a recovery point picture or a        picture that follows the recovery point picture in output order,        there shall be no entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that        contains a picture that was generated by the decoding process        for generating unavailable reference pictures for the GDR        picture of the recovery point picture.    -   When the current picture is a trailing picture, there shall be        no picture referred to by an active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that precedes the associated IRAP picture in        output order or decoding order.    -   When the current picture is a trailing picture that follows, in        both decoding order and output order, one or more leading        pictures associated with the same IRAP picture, if any, there        shall be no picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that precedes the associated IRAP picture in        output order or decoding order.    -   When the current picture is a RADL picture, there shall be no        active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that is any of        the following:        -   A RASL picture        -   A picture that was generated by the decoding process for            generating unavailable reference pictures        -   A picture that precedes the associated IRAP picture in            decoding order    -   The picture referred to by each Inter-Layer Reference Picture        (ILRP) entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of a slice of the        current picture shall be in the same AU as the current picture.    -   The picture referred to by each ILRP entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] of a slice of the current picture shall be present        in the DPB and shall have nuh_layer_id less than that of the        current picture.    -   Each ILRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of a slice        shall be an active entry.

3.13. Setting of PictureOutputFlag

In the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15), the specification forsetting of the value of the variable PictureOutputFlag is as follows (aspart of clause 8.1.2 Decoding process for a coded picture).

8.1.2 Decoding Process for a Coded Picture

The decoding processes specified in this clause apply to each codedpicture, referred to as the current picture and denoted by the variableCurrPic, in BitstreamToDecode.Depending on the value of chroma_format_idc, the number of sample arraysof the current picture is as follows:

-   -   If chroma_format_idc is equal to 0, the current picture consists        of 1 sample array S_(L).    -   Otherwise (chroma_format_idc is not equal to 0), the current        picture consists of 3 sample arrays S_(L), S_(Cb), S_(Cr).        The decoding process for the current picture takes as inputs the        syntax elements and upper-case variables from clause 7. When        interpreting the semantics of each syntax element in each NAL        unit, and in the remaining parts of clause 8, the term “the        bitstream” (or part thereof, e.g., a CVS of the bitstream)        refers to BitstreamToDecode (or part thereof).        Depending on the value of separate_colour_plane_flag, the        decoding process is structured as follows:    -   If separate_colour_plane_flag is equal to 0, the decoding        process is invoked a single time with the current picture being        the output.    -   Otherwise (separate_colour_plane_flag is equal to 1), the        decoding process is invoked three times. Inputs to the decoding        process are all NAL units of the coded picture with identical        value of colour_plane_id. The decoding process of NAL units with        a particular value of colour_plane_id is specified as if only a        CVS with monochrome colour format with that particular value of        colour_plane_id would be present in the bitstream. The output of        each of the three decoding processes is assigned to one of the 3        sample arrays of the current picture, with the NAL units with        colour_plane_id equal to 0, 1 and 2 being assigned to S_(L),        S_(Cb) and S_(Cr), respectively.        -   NOTE—The variable ChromaArrayType is derived as equal to 0            when separate_colour_plane_flag is equal to 1 and            chroma_format_idc is equal to 3. In the decoding process,            the value of this variable is evaluated resulting in            operations identical to that of monochrome pictures (when            chroma_format_idc is equal to 0).            The decoding process operates as follows for the current            picture CurrPic:    -   1. The decoding of NAL units is specified in clause 8.2.    -   2. The processes in clause 8.3 specify the following decoding        processes using syntax elements in the slice header layer and        above:        -   Variables and functions relating to picture order count are            derived as specified in clause 8.3.1. This needs to be            invoked only for the first slice of a picture.        -   At the beginning of the decoding process for each slice of a            non-IDR picture, the decoding process for reference picture            lists construction specified in clause 8.3.2 is invoked for            derivation of reference picture list 0 (RefPicList[0]) and            reference picture list 1 (RefPicList[1]).        -   The decoding process for reference picture marking in clause            8.3.3 is invoked, wherein reference pictures may be marked            as “unused for reference” or “used for long-term reference”.            This needs to be invoked only for the first slice of a            picture.        -   When the current picture is a CRA picture with            NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1 or GDR picture with            NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, the decoding process            for generating unavailable reference pictures specified in            subclause 8.3.4 is invoked, which needs to be invoked only            for the first slice of a picture.        -   PictureOutputFlag is set as follows:            -   If one of the following conditions is true,                PictureOutputFlag is set equal to 0:                -   the current picture is a RASL picture and                    NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag of the associated IRAP                    picture is equal to 1.                -   gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 1 and the current                    picture is a GDR picture with                    NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1.                -   gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the current picture                    is associated with a GDR picture with                    NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, and                    PicOrderCntVal of the current picture is less than                    RpPicOrderCntVal of the associated GDR picture.                -   sps_video_parameter_set_id is greater than 0,                    ols_mode_idc is equal to 0 and the current AU                    contains a picture picA that satisfies all of the                    following conditions:                -    PicA has PictureOutputFlag equal to 1.                -    PicA has nuh_layer_id nuhLid greater than that of                    the current picture.                -    PicA belongs to the output layer of the Output                    Layer Set (OLS) (i.e.,                    OutputLayerldlnOls[TargetOlsIdx][0] is equal to                    nuhLid).                -   sps_video_parameter_set_id is greater than 0,                    ols_mode_idc is equal to 2, and                    ols_output_layer_flag[TargetOlsIdx][GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]]                    is equal to 0.            -   Otherwise, PictureOutputFlag is set equal to                pic_output_flag.    -   3. The processes in clauses 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, and 8.8 specify        decoding processes using syntax elements in all syntax structure        layers. It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the        coded slices of the picture shall contain slice data for every        CTU of the picture, such that the division of the picture into        slices, and the division of the slices into CTUs each forms a        partitioning of the picture.    -   4. After all slices of the current picture have been decoded,        the current decoded picture is marked as “used for short-term        reference”, and each ILRP entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] is marked as “used for short-term reference”.

4. TECHNICAL PROBLEMS SOLVED BY DISCLOSED TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

The existing design in the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15) hasthe following problems:

-   -   1) Since it is allowed to mix different types of subpictures        within one picture, calling the content of a NAL unit with a VCL        NAL unit type as coded slice of a particular type of picture is        confusing. For example, a NAL unit with nal_unit_type equal to        CRA_NUT is a coded slice of a CRA picture only when all slices        of the picture have nal_unit_type equal to CRA_NUT; when one        slice of this picture has nal_unit_type not equal to CRA_NUT,        then the picture is not a CRA picture.    -   2) Currently, the value of subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[ ] is        required to be equal to 1 for a subpicture if the subpicture        contains a VCL NAL unit with nal_unit_type in the range of        IDR_W_RADL to CRA_NUT, inclusive, and        mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 1 for the picture. In        other words, the value of subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[ ] is        required to be equal to 1 for an IRAP subpicture mixed with        another type of subpicture in a picture. However, with the        support of more mixes of VCL NAL unit types, this requirement is        not enough.    -   3) Currently only up to two different types of VCL NAL units        (and two different types of subpictures) are allowed within a        picture.    -   4) There lacks a constraint on the output order of a trailing        subpicture relative to the associated IRAP or GDR subpicture, in        both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   5) Currently, it is specified that when a picture is a leading        picture of an IRAP picture, it shall be a RADL or RASL picture.        This constraint, together with the definitions of        leading/RADL/RASL pictures, disallows mixing of RADL and RASL        NAL unit types within a picture resulted from mixing of two CRA        pictures and their non-AU-aligned associated RADL and RASL        pictures.    -   6) There lacks a constraint on the subpicture type (i.e., the        NAL unit type of the VCL NAL units in a subpicture) for a        leading subpicture, in both single-layer and multi-layer        contexts.    -   7) There lacks a constraint on whether a RASL subpicture can be        present and associated with an IDR subpicture, in both        single-layer and multi-layer contexts.

8) There lacks a constraint on whether a RADL subpictures can be presentand associated with an IDR subpicture having nal_unit_type equal toIDR_N_LP, in both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.

-   -   9) There lacks a constraint on the relative output order between        a subpicture preceding an IRAP subpicture in decoding order and        the RADL subpictures associated with the IRAP subpicture, in        both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   10) There lacks a constraint on the relative output order        between a subpicture preceding a GDR subpicture in decoding        order and the subpictures associated with the GDR subpicture, in        both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   11) There lacks a constraint on the relative output order        between a RASL subpicture associated with a CRA subpicture and a        RADL subpicture associated with the CRA subpicture, in both        single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   12) There lacks a constraint on the relative output order        between a RASL subpicture associated with a CRA subpicture and        an IRAP subpicture that precedes the CRA subpicture in decoding        order, in both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   13) There lacks a constraint on the relative decoding order        between an IRAP picture's associated non-leading pictures and        leading pictures, in both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   14) There lacks a constraint on the RPL active entries for a        subpicture following an STSA subpicture in decoding order, in        both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   15) There lacks a constraint on the RPL entries for a CRA        subpicture in both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   16) There lacks a constraint on the RPL active entries for a        subpicture that refer to a picture that was generated by the        decoding process for generating unavailable reference pictures,        in both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   17) There lacks a constraint on the RPL entries for a subpicture        that refer to a picture that was generated by the decoding        process for generating unavailable reference pictures, in both        single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   18) There lacks a constraint on the RPL active entries for a        subpicture associated with an IRAP picture and following the        IRAP picture in output order, in both single-layer and        multi-layer contexts.    -   19) There lacks a constraint on the RPL entries for a subpicture        associated with an IRAP picture and following the IRAP picture        in output order, in both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.    -   20) There lacks a constraint on the RPL active entries for a        RADL subpicture, in both single-layer and multi-layer contexts.

5. EXAMPLES OF SOLUTIONS AND EMBODIMENTS

To solve the above problems, and others, methods as summarized below aredisclosed. The items should be considered as examples to explain thegeneral concepts and should not be interpreted in a narrow way.Furthermore, these items can be applied individually or combined in anymanner.

-   -   1) To solve problem 1, instead of specifying the content of a        NAL unit with a VCL NAL unit type as “coded slice of a        particular type of picture”, it is specified “coded slice of a        particular type of picture or subpicture”. For example, the        content of a NAL unit with nal_unit_type equal to CRA_NUT is        specified as “coded slice of a CRA picture or subpicture”.        -   a. Furthermore, one or more of the following terms are            defined: associated GDR subpicture, associated IRAP            subpicture, CRA subpicture, GDR subpicture, IDR subpicture,            IRAP subpicture, leading subpicture, RADL subpicture, RASL            subpicture, STSA subpicture, trailing subpicture.    -   2) To solve problem 2, add a constraint to require that any two        neighboring subpictures with different NAL unit types shall both        have the subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[ ] equal to 1.        -   a. In one example, the constraint is specified as follows:            For any two neighboring subpictures with subpicture indices            i and j in a picture, when subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[i] or            subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[j] is equal to 0, the two            subpictures shall have the same NAL unit type.        -   a. Alternatively, it is required that, when any subpicture            with subpicture index i has subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[i]            equal to 0, all subpictures in a picture shall have the same            NAL unit type (i.e., all VCL NAL units in a picture shall            have the same NAL unit type, i.e., the value of            mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag shall be equal to 0). And this            means that mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag can only be equal to            1 when all subpictures have their corresponding            subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[ ] equal to 1.    -   3) To solve problem 3, when mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is        equal to 1, it may be allowed for a picture to contain more than        two different types of VCL NAL units.    -   4) To solve problem 4, it is specified that a trailing        subpicture shall follow the associated IRAP or GDR subpicture in        output order.    -   5) To solve problem 5, to allow mixing of RADL and RASL NAL unit        types within a picture resulted from mixing of two CRA pictures        and their non-AU-aligned associated RADL and RASL pictures, the        existing constraint specifying that a leading picture of an IRAP        picture shall be a RADL or RASL picture is changed to be as        follows: When a picture is a leading picture of an IRAP picture,        the nal_unit_type value for all VCL NAL units in the picture        shall be equal to RADL_NUT or RASL_NUT. Furthermore, in the        decoding process for a picture with mixed nal_unit_type values        of RADL_NUT and RASL_NUT, the PictureOutputFlag of the picture        is set equal to pic_output_flag when the layer containing the        picture is an output layer.        -   This way, through the constraint that all pictures that are            output need to be correct for conforming decoders, the RADL            subpictures within such pictures can be guaranteed, although            the guarantee of the “correctness” of the “mid-valued” RASL            subpictures within such pictures when the associated CRA            picture has NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1 is also in            place but is actually not needed. The unnecessary part of            the guarantee does not matter and does not add complexity            for implementing conforming encoders or decoders. In this            case, it'd be useful to add a NOTE clarifying that although            such RASL subpictures associated with a CRA picture with            NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1 may be output by the            decoding process, they are not intended to be used for            display and thus should not be used for display.    -   6) To solve problem 6, it is specified that when a subpicture is        a leading subpicture of an IRAP subpicture, it shall be a RADL        or RASL subpicture.    -   7) To solve problem 7, it is specified that no RASL subpictures        shall be present in the bitstream that are associated with an        IDR subpicture.    -   8) To solve problem 8, it is specified that no RADL subpictures        shall be present in the bitstream that are associated with an        IDR subpicture having nal_unit_type equal to IDR_N_LP.    -   9) To solve problem 9, it is specified that any subpicture, with        nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value layerId and subpicture        index equal to a particular value subpicIdx, that precedes, in        decoding order, an IRAP subpicture with nuh_layer_id equal to        layerId and subpicture index equal to subpicIdx shall precede,        in output order, the IRAP subpicture and all its associated RADL        subpictures.    -   10) To solve problem 10, it is specified that any subpicture,        with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value layerId and        subpicture index equal to a particular value subpicIdx, that        precedes, in decoding order, a GDR subpicture with nuh_layer_id        equal to layerId and subpicture index equal to subpicIdx shall        precede, in output order, the GDR subpicture and all its        associated subpictures.    -   11) To solve problem 11, it is specified that any RASL        subpicture associated with a CRA subpicture shall precede any        RADL subpicture associated with the CRA subpicture in output        order.    -   12) To solve problem 12, it is specified that any RASL        subpicture associated with a CRA subpicture shall follow, in        output order, any IRAP subpicture that precedes the CRA        subpicture in decoding order.    -   13) To solve problem 13, it is specified that if field_seq_flag        is equal to 0 and the current subpicture, with nuh_layer_id        equal to a particular value layerId and subpicture index equal        to a particular value subpicIdx, is a leading subpicture        associated with an IRAP subpicture, it shall precede, in        decoding order, all non-leading subpictures that are associated        with the same IRAP subpicture; otherwise, let subpicA and        subpicB be the first and the last leading subpictures, in        decoding order, associated with an IRAP subpicture,        respectively, there shall be at most one non-leading subpicture        with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId and subpicture index equal to        subpicIdx preceding subpicA in decoding order, and there shall        be no non-leading picture with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId and        subpicture index equal to subpicIdx between picA and picB in        decoding order.    -   14) To solve problem 14, it is specified that when the current        subpicture, with TemporalId equal to a particular value tId,        nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value layerId, and subpicture        index equal to a particular value subpicIdx, is a subpicture        that follows, in decoding order, an STSA subpicture with        TemporalId equal to tId, nuh_layer_id equal to layerId, and        subpicture index equal to subpicIdx, there shall be no picture        with TemporalId equal to tId and nuh_layer_id equal to layerId        that precedes the picture containing the STSA subpicture in        decoding order included as an active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1].    -   15) To solve problem 15, it is specified that when the current        subpicture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value        layerId and subpicture index equal to a particular value        subpicIdx, is a CRA subpicture, there shall be no picture        referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that        precedes, in output order or decoding order, any picture        containing a preceding IRAP subpicture with nuh_layer_id equal        to layerId and subpicture index equal to subpicIdx in decoding        order (when present).    -   16) To solve problem 16, it is specified that when the current        subpicture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value        layerId and subpicture index equal to a particular value        subpicIdx, is not a RASL subpicture associated with a CRA        subpicture of a CRA picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag        equal to 1, a GDR subpicture of a GDR picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, or a subpicture of a        recoverying picture of a GDR picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1 and nuh_layer_id equal to        layerId, there shall be no picture referred to by an active        entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that was generated by        the decoding process for generating unavailable reference        pictures.    -   17) To solve problem 17, it is specified that when the current        subpicture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value        layerId and subpicture index equal to a particular value        subpicIdx, is not a CRA subpicture of a CRA picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a subpicture that        precedes, in decoding order, the leading subpictures associated        with the same CRA subpicture of a CRA picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a leading subpicture        associated with a CRA subpicture of a CRA picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a GDR subpicture of a GDR        picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, or a        subpicture of a recovering picture of a GDR picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1 and nuh_layer_id equal to        layerId, there shall be no picture referred to by an entry in        RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that was generated by the        decoding process for generating unavailable reference pictures.    -   18) To solve problem 18, it is specified that when the current        subpicture is associated with an IRAP subpicture and follows the        IRAP subpicture in output order, there shall be no picture        referred to by an active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]        that precedes the picture containing the associated IRAP        subpicture in output order or decoding order.    -   19) To solve problem 19, it is specified that when the current        subpicture is associated with an IRAP subpicture, follows the        IRAP subpicture in output order, and follows, in both decoding        order and output order, the leading subpictures associated with        the same IRAP subpicture, if any, there shall be no picture        referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that        precedes the picture containing the associated IRAP subpicture        in output order or decoding order.    -   20) To solve problem 20, it is specified that when the current        subpicture is a RADL subpicture, there shall be no active entry        in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that is any of the following:        -   a. A picture containing a RASL subpicture        -   b. A picture that precedes the picture containing the            associated IRAP subpicture in decoding order

6. EMBODIMENTS

Below are some example embodiments for some of the technical solutionaspects summarized above in Section 5, which can be applied to the VVCspecification. The changed texts are based on the latest VVC text inWET-Q2001-vE/v15. Most relevant parts that have been added or modifiedare highlighted in boldface italics, and some of the deleted parts arehighlighted in highlighted in open and close double brackets (e.g., [[]]) with deleted text in between the double brackets. There are someother changes that are editorial in nature or not part of this technicalsolution and thus not highlighted.

6.1. First Embodiment

This embodiment is for items 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 4, and 6 to 20.

3 Definitions

-   -   . . .

    -   associated GDR picture (of a particular picture with a        particular value of nuh_layer_id layerId): The previous GDR        picture in decoding order with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId        (when present) between which and the particular picture in        decoding order there is no IRAP picture with nuh_layer_id equal        to layerId.

    -   

    -   associated IRAP picture (of a particular picture with a        particular value of nuh_layer_id layerId): The previous IRAP        picture in decoding order with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId        (when present) between which and the particular picture in        decoding order there is no GDR picture with nuh_layer_id equal        to layerId.

    -   

    -   clean random access (CRA) picture: An IRAP picture for which        each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to CRA_NUT.

    -   

    -   gradual decoding refresh (GDR) AU: An AU in which there is a PU        for each layer in the CVS and the coded picture in each present        PU is a GDR picture.

    -   gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture: A picture for which each        VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to GDR_NUT.

    -   

    -   instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture: An IRAP picture        for which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to        IDR_W_RADL or IDR_N_LP.

    -   

    -   intra random access point (IRAP) picture: A picture for which        all VCL NAL units have the same value of nal_unit_type in the        range of IDR_W_RADL to CRA_NUT, inclusive.

    -   

    -   leading picture: A picture that precedes the associated IRAP        picture in output order.

    -   

    -   output order: The order of        in which the decoded pictures are output from the DPB.

    -   random access decodable leading (RADL) picture: A picture for        which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to RADL_NUT.

    -   

    -   random access skipped leading (RASL) picture: A picture for        which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to RASL_NUT.

    -   step-wise temporal sublayer access (STSA) picture: A picture for        which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to STSA_NUT.

    -   

    -   trailing picture: A picture for which each VCL NAL unit has        nal_unit_type equal to TRAIL_NUT.        -   NOTE—Trailing pictures associated with an IRAP or GDR            picture also follow the IRAP or GDR picture in decoding            order. Pictures that follow the associated IRAP or GDR            picture in output order and precede the associated IRAP or            GDR picture in decoding order are not allowed.

    -   -   

7.4.2.2 NAL Unit Header Semantics

nal_unit_type specifies the NAL unit type, i.e., the type of RBSP datastructure contained in the NAL unit as specified in Table 5.NAL units that have nal_unit_type in the range of UNSPEC_28 . . .UNSPEC_31, inclusive, for which semantics are not specified, shall notaffect the decoding process specified in this Specification.

-   -   NOTE 2—NAL unit types in the range of UNSPEC_28 . . . UNSPEC_31        may be used as determined by the application. No decoding        process for these values of nal_unit_type is specified in this        Specification. Since different applications might use these NAL        unit types for different purposes, particular care must be        exercised in the design of encoders that generate NAL units with        these nal_unit_type values, and in the design of decoders that        interpret the content of NAL units with these nal_unit_type        values. This Specification does not define any management for        these values. These nal_unit_type values might only be suitable        for use in contexts in which “collisions” of usage (i.e.,        different definitions of the meaning of the NAL unit content for        the same nal_unit_type value) are unimportant, or not possible,        or are managed—e.g., defined or managed in the controlling        application or transport specification, or by controlling the        environment in which bitstreams are distributed.        For purposes other than determining the amount of data in the        DUs of the bitstream (as specified in Annex C), decoders shall        ignore (remove from the bitstream and discard) the contents of        all NAL units that use reserved values of nal_unit_type.    -   NOTE 3—This requirement allows future definition of compatible        extensions to this Specification.

TABLE 5 NAL unit type codes and NAL unit type classes Name of Content ofNAL unit and RBSP syntax NAL unit nal_unit_type nal_unit_type structuretype class 0 TRAIL_NUT Coded slice of a trailing picture 

VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 1 STSA_NUT Coded slice of an STSA picture 

VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 2 RADL_NUT Coded slice of a RADL picture 

VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 3 RASL_NUT Coded slice of a RASL picture 

VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 4 . . . 6 RSV_VCL_4 . . . Reserved non-IRAP VCLNAL unit types VCL RSV_VCL_6 7 IDR_W_RADL Coded slice of an IDR picture 

VCL 8 IDR_N_LP slice_layer_rbsp( ) 9 CRA_NUT Coded slice of a CRApicture 

VCL silce_layer_rbsp( ) 10 GDR_NUT Coded slice of a GDR picture 

VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 11 RSV_IRAP_11 Reserved IRAP VCL NAL unit typesVCL 12 RSV_IRAP_12 13 DCI_NUT Decoding capability information non-VCLdecoding_capability_information_rbsp( ) 14 VPS_NUT Video parameter setnon-VCL video_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 15 SPS_NUT Sequence parameter setnon-VCL seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 16 PPS_NUT Picture parameter setnon-VCL pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 17 PREFIX_APS_NUT Adaptation parameterset non-VCL 18 SUFFIX_APS_NUT adaptation_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 19 PH_NUTPicture header non-VCL picture_header_rbsp( ) 20 AUD_NUT AU delimiternon-VCL access_unit_delimiter_rbsp( ) 21 EOS_NUT End of sequence non-VCLend_of_seq_rbsp( ) 22 EOB_NUT End of bitstream non-VCLend_of_bitstream_rbsp( ) 23 PREFIX_SEI_NUT Supplemental enhancementinformation non-VCL 24 SUFFIX_SEI_NUT sei_rbsp( ) 25 FD_NUT Filler datanon-VCL filler_data_rbsp( ) 26 RSV_NVCL_26 Reserved non-VCL NAL unittypes non-VCL 27 RSV_NVCL_27 28 . . . 31 UNSPEC_28 . . . Unspecifiednon-VCL NAL unit types non-VCL UNSPEC_31

-   -   NOTE 4—A clean random access (CRA) picture may have associated        RASL or RADL pictures present in the bitstream.

    -   NOTE 5—An instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture having        nal_unit_type equal to IDR_N_LP does not have associated leading        pictures present in the bitstream. An IDR picture having        nal_unit_type equal to IDR_W_RADL does not have associated RASL        pictures present in the bitstream, but may have associated RADL        pictures in the bitstream.        The value of nal_unit_type shall be the same for all VCL NAL        units of a subpicture. A subpicture is referred to as having the        same NAL unit type as the VCL NAL units of the subpicture.        For VCL NAL units of any particular picture, the following        applies:

    -   If mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 0, the value of        nal_unit_type shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of a        picture, and a picture or a PU is referred to as having the same        NAL unit type as the VCL NAL units of the picture or PU.

    -   Otherwise (mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 1), the        picture shall have at least two subpictures and VCL NAL units of        the picture shall have exactly two different nal_unit_type        values as follows: the VCL NAL units of at least one subpicture        of the picture shall all have a particular value of        nal_unit_type equal to STSA_NUT, RADL_NUT, RASL_NUT, IDR_W_RADL,        IDR_N_LP, or CRA_NUT, while the VCL NAL units of other        subpictures in the picture shall all have a different particular        value of nal_unit_type equal to TRAIL_NUT, RADL_NUT, or        RASL_NUT.        It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the following        constraints apply:

    -   A trailing picture shall follow the associated IRAP or GDR        picture in output order.

    -   

    -   When a picture is a leading picture of an IRAP picture, it shall        be a RADL or RASL picture.

    -   

    -   No RASL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are        associated with an IDR picture.

    -   

    -   No RADL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are        associated with an IDR picture having nal_unit_type equal to        IDR_N_LP.        -   NOTE 6—It is possible to perform random access at the            position of an IRAP PU by discarding all PUs before the IRAP            PU (and to correctly decode the IRAP picture and all the            subsequent non-RASL pictures in decoding order), provided            each parameter set is available (either in the bitstream or            by external means not specified in this Specification) when            it is referenced.

    -   

    -   Any picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value        layerId, that precedes, in decoding order, an IRAP picture with        nuh_layer_id equal to layerId shall precede, in output order,        the IRAP picture and all its associated RADL pictures.

    -   

    -   Any picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value        layerId, that precedes, in decoding order, a GDR picture with        nuh_layer_id equal to layerId shall precede, in output order,        the GDR picture and all its associated pictures.

    -   

    -   Any RASL picture associated with a CRA picture shall precede any        RADL picture associated with the CRA picture in output order.

    -   

    -   Any RASL picture associated with a CRA picture shall follow, in        output order, any IRAP picture that precedes the CRA picture in        decoding order.

    -   

    -   If field_seq_flag is equal to 0 and the current picture, with        nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value layerId, is a leading        picture associated with an IRAP picture, it shall precede, in        decoding order, all non-leading pictures that are associated        with the same IRAP picture. Otherwise, let picA and picB be the        first and the last leading pictures, in decoding order,        associated with an IRAP picture, respectively, there shall be at        most one non-leading picture with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId        preceding picA in decoding order, and there shall be no        non-leading picture with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId between        picA and picB in decoding order.

    -           . . .

7.4.3.4 Picture Parameter Set Semantics

mixed_nalu_types jn_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies that each picturereferring to the PPS has more than one VCL NAL unit and the VCL NALunits do not have the same value of nal_unit_type.mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag equal to 0 specifies that each picturereferring to the PPS has one or more VCL NAL units and the VCL NAL unitsof each picture refering to the PPS have the same value ofnal_unit_type.When no_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the valueof mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag shall be equal to 0.

-   -   NOTE 1—mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag equal to 1 indicates that        pictures referring to the PPS contain slices with different NAL        unit types, e.g., coded pictures originating from a subpicture        bitstream merging operation for which encoders have to ensure        matching bitstream structure and further alignment of parameters        of the original bitstreams. One example of such alignments is as        follows: When the value of sps_idr_rpl_present_flag is equal to        0 and mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 1, a picture        referring to the PPS cannot have slices with nal_unit_type equal        to IDR_W_RADL or IDR_N_LP.        . . .

7.4.3.7 Picture Header Structure Semantics

recovery_poc_cnt specifies the recovery point of decoded pictures inoutput order.

-   -           If the current picture is a GDR picture, and there is a picture        picA that follows the current GDR picture in decoding order in        the CLVS that has PicOrderCntVal equal to        , the picture picA is referred to as the recovery point picture.        Otherwise, the first picture in output order that has        PicOrderCntVal greater than        is referred to as the recovery point picture. The recovery point        picture shall not precede the current GDR picture in decoding        order.        The value of recovery_poc_cnt shall be in the range of 0 to        MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1, inclusive.    -   NOTE 2—When gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 1 and PicOrderCntVal of        the current picture is greater than or equal to        of the associated GDR picture, the current and subsequent        decoded pictures in output order are exact match to the        corresponding pictures produced by starting the decoding process        from the previous IRAP picture, when present, preceding the        associated GDR picture in decoding order.        . . .

8.3.2 Decoding Process for Reference Picture Lists Construction

. . .It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the followingconstraints apply:

-   -   For each i equal to 0 or 1, num_ref_entries[i][RplsTdx[i]] shall        not be less than NumRefIdxActive[i].

    -   The picture referred to by each active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] shall be present in the DPB and shall have        TemporalId less than or equal to that of the current picture.

    -   The picture referred to by each entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] shall not be the current picture and shall have        non reference picture flag equal to 0.

    -   An STRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of a slice of a        picture and an LTRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of        the same slice or a different slice of the same picture shall        not refer to the same picture.

    -   There shall be no LTRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]        for which the difference between the PicOrderCntVal of the        current picture and the PicOrderCntVal of the picture referred        to by the entry is greater than or equal to 2²⁴.

    -   Let setOfRefPics be the set of unique pictures referred to by        all entries in RefPicList[0] that have the same nuh_layer_id as        the current picture and all entries in RefPicList[1] that have        the same nuh_layer_id as the current picture. The number of        pictures in setOfRefPics shall be less than or equal to        MaxDpbSize−1, inclusive, where MaxDpbSize is as specified in        clause A.4.2, and setOfRefPics shall be the same for all slices        of a picture.

    -   When the current slice has nal_unit_type equal to STSA_NUT,        there shall be no active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]        that has TemporalId equal to that of the current picture and        nuh_layer_id equal to that of the current picture.

    -   When the current picture is a picture that follows, in decoding        order, an STSA picture that has TemporalId equal to that of the        current picture and nuh_layer_id equal to that of the current        picture, there shall be no picture that precedes the STSA        picture in decoding order, has TemporalId equal to that of the        current picture, and has nuh_layer_id equal to that of the        current picture included as an active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1].

    -   

    -   When the current picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a        particular value layerId, is a CRA picture, there shall be no        picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that precedes, in output order or decoding order,        any preceding IRAP picture with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId in        decoding order (when present).

    -   

    -   When the current picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a        particular value layerId, is not a RASL picture associated with        a CRA picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a GDR        picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, or a        recovering picture of a GDR picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1 and nuh_layer_id equal to        layerId, there shall be no picture referred to by an active        entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that was generated by        the decoding process for generating unavailable reference        pictures.

    -   

    -   When the current picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a        particular value layerId, is not a CRA picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a picture that precedes,        in decoding order, the leading pictures associated with the same        CRA picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a        leading picture associated with a CRA picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a GDR picture with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, or a recovering picture        of a GDR picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1 and        nuh_layer_id equal to layerId, there shall be no picture        referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that        was generated by the decoding process for generating unavailable        reference pictures.

    -   

    -   When the current picture is associated with an IRAP picture and        follows the IRAP picture in output order, there shall be no        picture referred to by an active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that precedes the associated IRAP picture in        output order or decoding order.

    -   

    -   When the current picture is associated with an IRAP picture,        follows the IRAP picture in output order, and follows, in both        decoding order and output order, the leading pictures associated        with the same IRAP picture, if any, there shall be no picture        referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that        precedes the associated IRAP picture in output order or decoding        order.

    -   

    -   When the current picture is a RADL picture, there shall be no        active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that is any of        the following:        -   A RASL picture        -   A picture that precedes the associated IRAP picture in            decoding order

    -   -   

        -   

    -   The picture referred to by each ILRP entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] of a slice of the current picture shall be in the        same AU as the current picture.

    -   The picture referred to by each ILRP entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] of a slice of the current picture shall be present        in the DPB and shall have nuh_layer_id less than that of the        current picture.

    -   Each ILRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of a slice        shall be an active entry.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing an example video processing system1900 in which various techniques disclosed herein may be implemented.Various implementations may include some or all of the components of thesystem 1900. The system 1900 may include input 1902 for receiving videocontent. The video content may be received in a raw or uncompressedformat, e.g., 8 or 10 bit multi-component pixel values, or may be in acompressed or encoded format. The input 1902 may represent a networkinterface, a peripheral bus interface, or a storage interface. Examplesof network interface include wired interfaces such as Ethernet, passiveoptical network (PON), etc. and wireless interfaces such as wirelessfidelity (WI-FI) or cellular interfaces.

The system 1900 may include a coding component 1904 that may implementthe various coding or encoding methods described in the presentdocument. The coding component 1904 may reduce the average bitrate ofvideo from the input 1902 to the output of the coding component 1904 toproduce a coded representation of the video. The coding techniques aretherefore sometimes called video compression or video transcodingtechniques. The output of the coding component 1904 may be eitherstored, or transmitted via a communication connected, as represented bythe component 1906. The stored or communicated bitstream (or coded)representation of the video received at the input 1902 may be used bythe component 1908 for generating pixel values or displayable video thatis sent to a display interface 1910. The process of generatinguser-viewable video from the bitstream representation is sometimescalled video decompression. Furthermore, while certain video processingoperations are referred to as “coding” operations or tools, it will beappreciated that the coding tools or operations are used at an encoderand corresponding decoding tools or operations that reverse the resultsof the coding will be performed by a decoder.

Examples of a peripheral bus interface or a display interface mayinclude universal serial bus (USB) or high definition multimediainterface (HDMI) or Displayport, and so on. Examples of storageinterfaces include serial advanced technology attachment (SATA),peripheral component interconnect (PCI), integrated drive electronics(IDE) interface, and the like. The techniques described in the presentdocument may be embodied in various electronic devices such as mobilephones, laptops, smartphones or other devices that are capable ofperforming digital data processing and/or video display.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a video processing apparatus 3600. Theapparatus 3600 may be used to implement one or more of the methodsdescribed herein. The apparatus 3600 may be embodied in a smartphone,tablet, computer, Internet of Things (IoT) receiver, and so on. Theapparatus 3600 may include one or more processors 3602, one or morememories 3604 and video processing hardware 3606. The processor(s) 3602may be configured to implement one or more methods described in thepresent document. The memory (memories) 3604 may be used for storingdata and code used for implementing the methods and techniques describedherein. The video processing hardware 3606 may be used to implement, inhardware circuitry, some techniques described in the present document.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram that illustrates an example video codingsystem 100 that may utilize the techniques of this disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 8 , video coding system 100 may include a source device110 and a destination device 120. Source device 110 generates encodedvideo data which may be referred to as a video encoding device.Destination device 120 may decode the encoded video data generated bysource device 110 which may be referred to as a video decoding device.

Source device 110 may include a video source 112, a video encoder 114,and an input/output (I/O) interface 116.

Video source 112 may include a source such as a video capture device, aninterface to receive video data from a video content provider, and/or acomputer graphics system for generating video data, or a combination ofsuch sources. The video data may comprise one or more pictures. Videoencoder 114 encodes the video data from video source 112 to generate abitstream. The bitstream may include a sequence of bits that form acoded representation of the video data. The bitstream may include codedpictures and associated data. The coded picture is a codedrepresentation of a picture. The associated data may include sequenceparameter sets, picture parameter sets, and other syntax structures. I/Ointerface 116 may include a modulator/demodulator (modem) and/or atransmitter. The encoded video data may be transmitted directly todestination device 120 via I/O interface 116 through network 130 a. Theencoded video data may also be stored onto a storage medium/server 130 bfor access by destination device 120.

Destination device 120 may include an I/O interface 126, a video decoder124, and a display device 122.

I/O interface 126 may include a receiver and/or a modem. I/O interface126 may acquire encoded video data from the source device 110 or thestorage medium/server 130 b. Video decoder 124 may decode the encodedvideo data. Display device 122 may display the decoded video data to auser. Display device 122 may be integrated with the destination device120, or may be external to destination device 120 which be configured tointerface with an external display device.

Video encoder 114 and video decoder 124 may operate according to a videocompression standard, such as the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)standard, Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard and other current and/orfurther standards.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video encoder 200,which may be video encoder 114 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 8 .

Video encoder 200 may be configured to perform any or all of thetechniques of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 9 , video encoder200 includes a plurality of functional components. The techniquesdescribed in this disclosure may be shared among the various componentsof video encoder 200. In some examples, a processor may be configured toperform any or all of the techniques described in this disclosure.

The functional components of video encoder 200 may include a partitionunit 201, a prediction unit 202 which may include a mode select unit203, a motion estimation unit 204, a motion compensation unit 205 and anintra prediction unit 206, a residual generation unit 207, a transformprocessing unit 208, a quantization unit 209, an inverse quantizationunit 210, an inverse transform unit 211, a reconstruction unit 212, abuffer 213, and an entropy encoding unit 214.

In other examples, video encoder 200 may include more, fewer, ordifferent functional components. In an example, prediction unit 202 mayinclude an intra block copy (IBC) unit. The IBC unit may performprediction in an IBC mode in which at least one reference picture is apicture where the current video block is located.

Furthermore, some components, such as motion estimation unit 204 andmotion compensation unit 205 may be highly integrated, but arerepresented in the example of FIG. 9 separately for purposes ofexplanation.

Partition unit 201 may partition a picture into one or more videoblocks. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support variousvideo block sizes.

Mode select unit 203 may select one of the coding modes, intra or inter,e.g., based on error results, and provide the resulting intra- orinter-coded block to a residual generation unit 207 to generate residualblock data and to a reconstruction unit 212 to reconstruct the encodedblock for use as a reference picture. In some examples, mode select unit203 may select a combination of intra and inter prediction (CIIP) modein which the prediction is based on an inter prediction signal and anintra prediction signal. Mode select unit 203 may also select aresolution for a motion vector (e.g., a sub-pixel or integer pixelprecision) for the block in the case of inter-prediction.

To perform inter prediction on a current video block, motion estimationunit 204 may generate motion information for the current video block bycomparing one or more reference frames from buffer 213 to the currentvideo block. Motion compensation unit 205 may determine a predictedvideo block for the current video block based on the motion informationand decoded samples of pictures from buffer 213 other than the pictureassociated with the current video block.

Motion estimation unit 204 and motion compensation unit 205 may performdifferent operations for a current video block, for example, dependingon whether the current video block is in an I slice, a P slice, or a Bslice.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may perform uni-directionalprediction for the current video block, and motion estimation unit 204may search reference pictures of list 0 or list 1 for a reference videoblock for the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may thengenerate a reference index that indicates the reference picture in list0 or list 1 that contains the reference video block and a motion vectorthat indicates a spatial displacement between the current video blockand the reference video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may output thereference index, a prediction direction indicator, and the motion vectoras the motion information of the current video block. Motioncompensation unit 205 may generate the predicted video block of thecurrent block based on the reference video block indicated by the motioninformation of the current video block.

In other examples, motion estimation unit 204 may perform bi-directionalprediction for the current video block, motion estimation unit 204 maysearch the reference pictures in list 0 for a reference video block forthe current video block and may also search the reference pictures inlist 1 for another reference video block for the current video block.Motion estimation unit 204 may then generate reference indexes thatindicate the reference pictures in list 0 and list 1 containing thereference video blocks and motion vectors that indicate spatialdisplacements between the reference video blocks and the current videoblock. Motion estimation unit 204 may output the reference indexes andthe motion vectors of the current video block as the motion informationof the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may generatethe predicted video block of the current video block based on thereference video blocks indicated by the motion information of thecurrent video block.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may output a full set ofmotion information for decoding processing of a decoder.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may do not output a fullset of motion information for the current video. Rather, motionestimation unit 204 may signal the motion information of the currentvideo block with reference to the motion information of another videoblock. For example, motion estimation unit 204 may determine that themotion information of the current video block is sufficiently similar tothe motion information of a neighboring video block.

In one example, motion estimation unit 204 may indicate, in a syntaxstructure associated with the current video block, a value thatindicates to the video decoder 300 that the current video block has thesame motion information as another video block.

In another example, motion estimation unit 204 may identify, in a syntaxstructure associated with the current video block, another video blockand a motion vector difference (MVD). The motion vector differenceindicates a difference between the motion vector of the current videoblock and the motion vector of the indicated video block. The videodecoder 300 may use the motion vector of the indicated video block andthe motion vector difference to determine the motion vector of thecurrent video block.

As discussed above, video encoder 200 may predictively signal the motionvector. Two examples of predictive signaling techniques that may beimplemented by video encoder 200 include advanced motion vectorprediction (AMVP) and merge mode signaling.

Intra prediction unit 206 may perform intra prediction on the currentvideo block. When intra prediction unit 206 performs intra prediction onthe current video block, intra prediction unit 206 may generateprediction data for the current video block based on decoded samples ofother video blocks in the same picture. The prediction data for thecurrent video block may include a predicted video block and varioussyntax elements.

Residual generation unit 207 may generate residual data for the currentvideo block by subtracting (e.g., indicated by the minus sign) thepredicted video block(s) of the current video block from the currentvideo block. The residual data of the current video block may includeresidual video blocks that correspond to different sample components ofthe samples in the current video block.

In other examples, there may be no residual data for the current videoblock for the current video block, for example in a skip mode, andresidual generation unit 207 may not perform the subtracting operation.

Transform processing unit 208 may generate one or more transformcoefficient video blocks for the current video block by applying one ormore transforms to a residual video block associated with the currentvideo block.

After transform processing unit 208 generates a transform coefficientvideo block associated with the current video block, quantization unit209 may quantize the transform coefficient video block associated withthe current video block based on one or more quantization parameter (QP)values associated with the current video block.

Inverse quantization unit 210 and inverse transform unit 211 may applyinverse quantization and inverse transforms to the transform coefficientvideo block, respectively, to reconstruct a residual video block fromthe transform coefficient video block. Reconstruction unit 212 may addthe reconstructed residual video block to corresponding samples from oneor more predicted video blocks generated by the prediction unit 202 toproduce a reconstructed video block associated with the current blockfor storage in the buffer 213.

After reconstruction unit 212 reconstructs the video block, loopfiltering operation may be performed reduce video blocking artifacts inthe video block.

Entropy encoding unit 214 may receive data from other functionalcomponents of the video encoder 200. When entropy encoding unit 214receives the data, entropy encoding unit 214 may perform one or moreentropy encoding operations to generate entropy encoded data and outputa bitstream that includes the entropy encoded data.

Some embodiments of the disclosed technology include making a decisionor determination to enable a video processing tool or mode. In anexample, when the video processing tool or mode is enabled, the encoderwill use or implement the tool or mode in the processing of a block ofvideo, but may not necessarily modify the resulting bitstream based onthe usage of the tool or mode. That is, a conversion from the block ofvideo to the bitstream (or the bitstream representation) of the videowill use the video processing tool or mode when it is enabled based onthe decision or determination. In another example, when the videoprocessing tool or mode is enabled, the decoder will process thebitstream with the knowledge that the bitstream has been modified basedon the video processing tool or mode. That is, a conversion from thebitstream of the video to the block of video will be performed using thevideo processing tool or mode that was enabled based on the decision ordetermination.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video decoder 300which may be video decoder 124 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 8 .

The video decoder 300 may be configured to perform any or all of thetechniques of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 10 , the videodecoder 300 includes a plurality of functional components. Thetechniques described in this disclosure may be shared among the variouscomponents of the video decoder 300. In some examples, a processor maybe configured to perform any or all of the techniques described in thisdisclosure.

In the example of FIG. 10 , video decoder 300 includes an entropydecoding unit 301, a motion compensation unit 302, an intra predictionunit 303, an inverse quantization unit 304, an inverse transform unit305, and a reconstruction unit 306 and a buffer 307. Video decoder 300may, in some examples, perform a decoding pass generally reciprocal tothe encoding pass described with respect to video encoder 200 (FIG. 9 ).

Entropy decoding unit 301 may retrieve an encoded bitstream. The encodedbitstream may include entropy coded video data (e.g., encoded blocks ofvideo data). Entropy decoding unit 301 may decode the entropy codedvideo data, and from the entropy decoded video data, motion compensationunit 302 may determine motion information including motion vectors,motion vector precision, reference picture list indexes, and othermotion information. Motion compensation unit 302 may, for example,determine such information by performing the AMVP and merge mode.

Motion compensation unit 302 may produce motion compensated blocks,possibly performing interpolation based on interpolation filters.Identifiers for interpolation filters to be used with sub-pixelprecision may be included in the syntax elements.

Motion compensation unit 302 may use interpolation filters as used byvideo encoder 200 during encoding of the video block to calculateinterpolated values for sub-integer pixels of a reference block. Motioncompensation unit 302 may determine the interpolation filters used byvideo encoder 200 according to received syntax information and use theinterpolation filters to produce predictive blocks.

Motion compensation unit 302 may use some of the syntax information todetermine sizes of blocks used to encode frame(s) and/or slice(s) of theencoded video sequence, partition information that describes how eachmacroblock of a picture of the encoded video sequence is partitioned,modes indicating how each partition is encoded, one or more referenceframes (and reference frame lists) for each inter-encoded block, andother information to decode the encoded video sequence.

Intra prediction unit 303 may use intra prediction modes for examplereceived in the bitstream to form a prediction block from spatiallyadjacent blocks. Inverse quantization unit 304 inverse quantizes, i.e.,de-quantizes, the quantized video block coefficients provided in thebitstream and decoded by entropy decoding unit 301. Inverse transformunit 305 applies an inverse transform.

Reconstruction unit 306 may sum the residual blocks with thecorresponding prediction blocks generated by motion compensation unit302 or intra prediction unit 303 to form decoded blocks. If desired, adeblocking filter may also be applied to filter the decoded blocks inorder to remove blockiness artifacts. The decoded video blocks are thenstored in buffer 307, which provides reference blocks for subsequentmotion compensation/intra prediction and also produces decoded video forpresentation on a display device.

A listing of solutions preferred by some embodiments is provided next.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 1).

1. A video processing method (e.g., method 700 shown in FIG. 7 ),comprising: performing (702) a conversion between a video comprising oneor more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the coded representation conformsto a format rule that specifies that the one or more pictures comprisingone or more subpictures are included in the coded representationaccording to network abstraction layer (NAL) units, wherein a type NALunit is indicated in the coded representation includes a coded slice ofa particular type of picture or a coded slice of a particular type of asubpicture.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 2).

2. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video comprising one or more pictures comprising one or moresubpictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein the codedrepresentation conforms to a format rule that specifies that twoneighboring subpictures with different network abstraction layer unittypes will have a same indication of subpictures being treated aspictures flag.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., items 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 1, 11, 12).

3. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video comprising one or more pictures comprising one or moresubpictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein the codedrepresentation conforms to a format rule that defines an order of afirst type of subpicture and a second type of subpicture, wherein thefirst subpicture is a trailing subpicture or a leading subpicture or arandom access skipped leading (RASL) subpicture type and the secondsubpicture is of the RASL type or a random access decodable leading(RADL) type or an instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) type or a gradualdecoding refresh (GDR) type subpicture.

4. The method of solution 3, wherein the format rule specifies that thetrailing subpicture follows an associated intra random access point or aGDR subpicture in an output order.

5. The method of solution 3, wherein the format rule specifies that whena picture is a leading picture of an intra random access point picture,the nal_unit_type value for all network abstraction layer units in thepicture are equal to RADL_NUT or RASL_NUT.

6. The method of solution 3, wherein the format rule specifies that agiven subpicture that is a leading subpicture of an IRAP subpicture mustalso be a RADL or RASL subpicture.

7. The method of solution 3, wherein the format rule specifies that agiven subpicture that is an RASL subpicture is disallowed to beassociated with an IDR subpicture.

8. The method of solution 3, wherein the format rule specifies that agiven subpicture having a same layer id and a subpicture index as anIRAP subpicture must precede, in an output order, the IRAP subpictureand all associated RADL subpictures thereof.

9. The method of solution 3, wherein the format rule specifies that agiven subpicture having a same layer id and a subpicture index as an GDRsubpicture must precede, in an output order, the GDR subpicture and allassociated RADL subpictures thereof.

10. The method of solution 3, wherein the format rule specifies that agiven subpicture that is an RASL subpicture associated with a CRAsubpicture precedes in an output order all RADL subpictures associatedwith the CRA subpicture.

11. The method of solution 3, wherein the format rule specifies that agiven subpicture that is an RASL subpicture associated with a CRAsubpicture precedes in an output order all IRAP subpictures associatedwith the CRA subpicture.

12. The method of solution 3, wherein the format rule specifies that agiven subpicture is a leading subpicture with an IRAP subpicture, thenthe give subpicture precedes, in a decoding order, all non-leadingsubpictures associated with the IRAP picture.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., items 8, 14, 15).

13. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video comprising one or more pictures comprising one or moresubpictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein the codedrepresentation conforms to a format rule that defines a condition underwhich a first type of subpicture is allowed or disallowed to occur witha second type of subpicture.

14. The method of solution 13, wherein the format rule specifies that,in case that there is an IDR subpicture of network abstraction layertype IDR_N_LP, then the coded representation is disallowed to have anRADP subpicture.

15. The method of solution 13, wherein the format rule disallowsincluding a picture in a reference list of a picture that comprises astep-wise temporal sublayer access (STSA) subpicture such that thepicture preceding a picture comprising the STSA subpicture.

16. The method of solution 13, wherein the format rule disallowsincluding a picture in a reference list of a picture that comprises anintra random access point (IRAP) subpicture such that the picturepreceding a picture comprising the IRAP subpicture.

17. The method of any of solutions 1 to 16, wherein the conversioncomprises encoding the video into the coded representation.

18. The method of any of solutions 1 to 16, wherein the conversioncomprises decoding the coded representation to generate pixel values ofthe video.

19. A video decoding apparatus comprising a processor configured toimplement a method recited in one or more of solutions 1 to 18.

20. A video encoding apparatus comprising a processor configured toimplement a method recited in one or more of solutions 1 to 18.

21. A computer program product having computer code stored thereon, thecode, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement amethod recited in any of solutions 1 to 18.

22. A method, apparatus or system described in the present document.

In the solutions described herein, an encoder may conform to the formatrule by producing a coded representation according to the format rule.In the solutions described herein, a decoder may use the format rule toparse syntax elements in the coded representation with the knowledge ofpresence and absence of syntax elements according to the format rule toproduce decoded video.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart for an example method 1100 of video processing.Operation 1102 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising one or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rulethat specifies a syntax of network abstraction layer (NAL) units in thebitstream, and wherein the format rule specifies that a NAL unit of avideo coding layer (VCL) NAL unit type includes a content associatedwith a particular type of picture or a particular type of subpicture.

In some embodiments of method 1100, the content of the NAL unit of theVCL NAL unit type indicates that a coded slice is associated with aclean random access picture or a clean random access subpicture. In someembodiments of method 1100, the clean random access subpicture is anintra random access point subpicture for which each VCL NAL unit has aclean random access type. In some embodiments of method 1100, thecontent of the NAL unit of the VCL NAL unit type indicates that a codedslice is associated with an associated gradual decoding refresh pictureor an associated gradual decoding refresh subpicture. In someembodiments of method 1100, the associated gradual decoding refreshsubpicture is a previous gradual decoding refresh subpicture in adecoding order with an identifier of a layer to which a VCL NAL unitbelongs or an identifier of a layer to which a non-VCL NAL unit appliesequal to a first particular value and with a second particular value ofsubpicture index, and wherein between the previous gradual decodingrefresh subpicture and a particular subpicture with the first particularvalue of identifier and the second particular value of subpicture indexin the decoding order, there is no intra random access point subpicturewith the first particular value of identifier and the second particularvalue of subpicture index.

In some embodiments of method 1100, the content of the NAL unit of theVCL NAL unit type indicates that a coded slice is associated with anassociated intra random access point picture or an associated intrarandom access point subpicture. In some embodiments of method 1100, theassociated intra random access point subpicture is a previous intrarandom access point subpicture in a decoding order with an identifier ofa layer to which a VCL NAL unit belongs or an identifier of a layer towhich a non-VCL NAL unit applies equal to a first particular value andwith a second particular value of subpicture index, and wherein betweenthe previous intra random access point subpicture and a particularsubpicture with the first particular value of identifier and the secondparticular value of subpicture index in the decoding order, there is nogradual decoding refresh subpicture with the first particular value ofidentifier and the second particular value of subpicture index. In someembodiments of method 1100, the content of the NAL unit of the VCL NALunit type indicates that a coded slice is associated with aninstantaneous decoding refresh picture or an instantaneous decodingrefresh subpicture. In some embodiments of method 1100, theinstantaneous decoding refresh subpicture is an intra random accesspoint subpicture for which each VCL NAL unit has an instantaneousdecoding refresh type.

In some embodiments of method 1100, the content of the NAL unit of theVCL NAL unit type indicates that a coded slice is associated with aleading picture or a leading subpicture. In some embodiments of method1100, the leading subpicture is a subpicture that precedes theassociated intra random access point subpicture in output order. In someembodiments of method 1100, the content of the NAL unit of the VCL NALunit type indicates that a coded slice is associated with a randomaccess decodable leading picture or a random access decodable leadingsubpicture. In some embodiments of method 1100, the random accessdecodable leading subpicture is a subpicture for which each VCL NAL unithas a random access decodable leading type. In some embodiments ofmethod 1100, the content of the NAL unit of the VCL NAL unit typeindicates that a coded slice is associated with a random access skippedleading picture or a random access skipped leading subpicture. In someembodiments of method 1100, the random access skipped leading subpictureis a subpicture for which each VCL NAL unit has a random access skippedleading type. In some embodiments of method 1100, the content of the NALunit of the VCL NAL unit type indicates that a coded slice is associatedwith a step-wise temporal sublayer access picture or a step-wisetemporal sublayer access subpicture.

In some embodiments of method 1100, the step-wise temporal sublayeraccess subpicture is a subpicture for which each VCL NAL unit has astep-wise temporal sublayer access type. In some embodiments of method1100, the content of the NAL unit of the VCL NAL unit type indicatesthat a coded slice is associated with a trailing picture or a trailingsubpicture. In some embodiments of method 1100, the trailing subpictureis a subpicture for which each VCL NAL unit has a trail type.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart for an example method 1200 of video processing.Operation 1202 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a picture comprising a subpicture and a bitstream of thevideo, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule, and wherein theformat rule specifies that the subpicture is a random access type ofsubpicture in response to the subpicture being a leading subpicture ofan intra random access point subpicture.

In some embodiments of method 1200, the random access type of subpictureis a random access decodable leading subpicture. In some embodiments ofmethod 1200, the random access type of subpicture is a random accessskipped leading subpicture.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart for an example method 1300 of video processing.Operation 1302 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a picture comprising a subpicture and a bitstream of thevideo, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule, and wherein theformat rule specifies that one or more random access skipped leadingsubpictures are absent from the bitstream in response to the one or morerandom access skipped leading subpictures being associated with aninstantaneous decoding refresh subpicture.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart for an example method 1400 of video processing.Operation 1402 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a picture comprising a subpicture and a bitstream of thevideo, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule that specifiesthat one or more random access decodable leading subpictures are absentfrom the bitstream in response to the one or more random accessdecodable leading subpictures being associated with an instantaneousdecoding refresh subpicture having a type of network abstraction layer(NAL) unit that indicates that the instantaneous decoding refreshsubpicture is not associated with a leading picture.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart for an example method 1500 of video processing.Operation 1502 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a picture comprising two neighboring subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rulethat specifies that the two neighboring subpictures with different typesof network abstraction layer (NAL) units have syntax elements with asame first value that indicates whether each of the two neighboringsubpictures in a coded layer video sequence is treated as a picture.

In some embodiments of method 1500, the format rule specifies that thesyntax elements of the two neighboring subpictures indicate that each ofthe two neighboring subpictures in the coded layer video sequence istreated as a picture.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart for an example method 1600 of video processing.Operation 1602 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a picture comprising two neighboring subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the format rule specifies that the twoneighboring subpictures includes a first neighboring subpicture with afirst subpicture index and a second neighboring subpicture with a secondsubpicture index, and wherein the format rule specifies that the twoneighboring subpictures have a same type of network abstraction layer(NAL) units in response to a first syntax element associated with thefirst subpicture index indicating that the first neighboring subpictureis not treated as a picture or a second syntax element associated withthe second subpicture index indicating that the second neighboringsubpicture is not treated as a picture.

In some embodiments of method 1600, the picture comprises a plurality ofsubpictures that include the two neighboring subpictures, and whereinthe format rule specifies that the plurality of subpictures have a sametype of NAL units in response to a subpicture from the plurality ofsubpictures having a syntax element that indicates that the subpictureis not treated as the picture. In some embodiments of method 1600, thepicture comprises a plurality of subpictures that include the twoneighboring subpictures, and wherein the format rule specifies that asyntax element indicates that each picture of the video referring to apicture parameter set (PPS) has a plurality of video coding layer (VCL)NAL units that do not have a same type of VCL NAL unit in response tothe plurality of subpictures having corresponding syntax elements thatindicate that each of the plurality of subpictures in the CLVS istreated as the picture.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart for an example method 1700 of video processing.Operation 1702 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising pictures comprising one or more subpictures and a bitstreamof the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule thatspecifies that a picture is allowed to include more than two differenttypes of video coding layer (VCL) network abstraction layer (NAL) unitsin response to a syntax element that indicates that each picture of thevideo referring to a picture parameter set (PPS) has a plurality of VCLNAL units that do not have a same type of VCL NAL unit.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart for an example method 1800 of video processing.Operation 1802 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising one or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rulethat specifies that a trailing subpicture that is associated with anintra random access point subpicture or a gradual decoding refreshsubpicture follows the intra random access point subpicture or thegradual decoding refresh subpicture in an order.

In some embodiments of method 1800, the order is an output order.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart for an example method 1900 of video processing.Operation 1902 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising one or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rulethat specifies that a subpicture precedes in a first order an intrarandom access point subpicture and one or more random access decodableleading subpictures associated with the intra random access pointsubpicture in response to: (1) the subpicture preceding the intra randomaccess point subpicture in a second order, (2) the subpicture and theintra random access point subpicture having a same first value for alayer to which a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit of the subpictureand the intra random access point subpicture belong, and (3) thesubpicture and the intra random access point subpicture having a samesecond value of a subpicture index.

In some embodiments of method 1800, the first order is an output order.In some embodiments of method 1800, the second order is a decodingorder.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart for an example method 2000 of video processing.Operation 2002 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising one or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rulethat specifies that a random access skipped leading subpictureassociated with a clean random access subpicture precedes in an orderone or more random access decodable leading subpictures associated withthe clean random access subpicture.

In some embodiments of method 2000, the order is an output order.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart for an example method 2100 of video processing.Operation 2102 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising one or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rulethat specifies that a random access skipped leading subpictureassociated with a clean random access subpicture follows in a firstorder one or more intra random access point subpictures that precede theclean random access subpicture in a second order.

In some embodiments of method 2100, the first order is an output order.In some embodiments of method 2100, the second order is a decodingorder.

FIG. 22 is a flowchart for an example method 2200 of video processing.Operation 2202 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising one or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rulethat specifies that a current subpicture precedes in a decoding orderone or more non-leading subpictures associated with an intra randomaccess point subpicture in response to: (1) a syntax element indicatingthat a coded layer video sequence conveys pictures that representframes, and (2) the current subpicture being a leading subpictureassociated with the intra random access point subpicture.

In some embodiments of method 2200, in response to (1) the syntaxelement indicating that the coded layer video sequence conveys picturesthat represent fields, and (2) the current subpicture is not the leadingsubpicture, the format rule specifies: a presence of at most onenon-leading subpicture preceding a first leading subpicture associatedwith the intra random access point subpicture in the decoding order, andan absence of a non-leading picture in between the first leadingsubpicture and a last leading subpicture associated with the intrarandom access point subpicture in the decoding order, wherein thecurrent subpicture, the at most one non-leading subpicture, and thenon-leading picture have a same first value for a layer to which anetwork abstraction layer (NAL) unit of the current subpicture, the atmost one non-leading subpicture, and the non-leading picture belong, andwherein the current subpicture, the at most one non-leading subpicture,and the non-leading picture having a same second value of a subpictureindex.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart for an example method 2300 of video processing.Operation 2302 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising one or more pictures comprising one or more subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rulethat specifies that one or more types of network abstraction layer (NAL)unit for all video coding layer (VCL) NAL units in a picture includesRADL_NUT or RASL_NUT in response to the picture being a leading pictureof an intra random access point picture.

In some embodiments of method 2300, the format rule specifies that avariable of the picture is set equal to a value of a picture output flagin response to: (1) the one or more types of NAL unit for all VCL NALunits in the picture includes RADL_NUT and RASL_NUT, and (2) a layerincluding the picture being an output layer.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart for an example method 2400 of video processing.Operation 2402 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising one or more pictures comprising a plurality of subpicturesand a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a formatrule that specifies that at least one subpicture precedes in a firstorder a gradual decoding refresh subpicture and one or more subpicturesassociated with the gradual decoding refresh subpicture in response to:(1) the at least subpicture preceding the gradual decoding refreshsubpicture in a second order, (2) the at least one subpicture and thegradual decoding refresh subpicture having a same first value for alayer to which a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit of the at leastone subpicture and the gradual decoding refresh subpicture belong, and(3) the at least one subpicture and the gradual decoding refresh picturehaving a same second value of a subpicture index.

In some methods of embodiment 2400, the first order is an output order.In some methods of embodiment 2400, the second order is a decodingorder.

FIG. 25 is a flowchart for an example method 2500 of video processing.Operation 2502 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a current picture comprising a current subpicture comprisinga current slice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstreamconforms to a format rule that disallows an active entry in a referencepicture list of the current slice from including a first picture thatprecedes in a decoding order a second picture that includes a step-wisetemporal sublayer access subpicture in response to: (a) the firstpicture having a same temporal identifier and a same layer identifier ofa network abstraction layer (NAL) unit as that of the currentsubpicture, and (b) the current subpicture following in the decodingorder the step-wise temporal sublayer access subpicture, and (c) thecurrent subpicture and the step-wise temporal sublayer access subpicturehaving the same temporal identifier, the same layer identifier, and asame subpicture index.

In some methods of embodiment 2500, the reference picture list includesa List 0 reference picture list. In some methods of embodiment 2500, thereference picture list includes a List 1 reference picture list.

FIG. 26 is a flowchart for an example method 2600 of video processing.Operation 2602 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a current picture comprising a current subpicture comprisinga current slice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstreamconforms to a format rule that disallows an active entry in a referencepicture list of the current slice from including a first picture that isgenerated by a decoding process for generating unavailable referencepictures in response to the current subpicture being not of a particulartype of subpicture.

In some embodiments of method 2600, the current subpicture is not arandom access skipped leading subpicture associated with a clean randomaccess subpicture of a clean random access picture with a value of aflag that indicates no output before recovery equal to 1. In someembodiments of method 2600, the current subpicture is not a gradualdecoding refresh subpicture of a gradual decoding refresh picture with avalue of a flag that indicates no output before recovery equal to 1. Insome embodiments of method 2600, the current subpicture is not asubpicture of a recovering picture of a gradual decoding refresh picturewith a value of a flag that indicates no output before recovery equal toland having a same layer identifier of a network abstraction layer (NAL)unit as that of the current subpicture. In some embodiments of method2600, the reference picture list includes a List 0 reference picturelist. In some embodiments of method 2600, the reference picture listincludes a List 1 reference picture list.

FIG. 27 is a flowchart for an example method 2700 of video processing.Operation 2702 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a current picture comprising a current subpicture comprisinga current slice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstreamconforms to a format rule that disallows an entry in a reference picturelist of the current slice from including a first pictures that isgenerated by a decoding process for generating unavailable referencepictures in response to the current subpicture being not of a particulartype of subpicture.

In some embodiments of method 2700, the current picture is not a cleanrandom access subpicture of a clean random access picture with a valueof a flag that indicates no output before recovery equal to 1. In someembodiments of method 2700, the current subpicture is not a subpicturethat precedes, in a decoding order, one or more leading subpicturesassociated with the clean random access subpicture of the clean randomaccess picture with a value of a flag that indicates no output beforerecovery equal to 1. In some embodiments of method 2700, the currentsubpicture is not a leading subpicture associated with the clean randomaccess subpicture of the clean random access picture with a value of aflag that indicates no output before recovery equal to 1. In someembodiments of method 2700, the current subpicture is not a gradualdecoding refresh subpicture of a gradual decoding refresh picture with avalue of a flag that indicates no output before recovery equal to 1.

In some embodiments of method 2700, the current subpicture is not asubpicture of a recovering picture of a gradual decoding refresh picturewith a value of a flag that indicates no output before recovery equal toland having a same layer identifier of a network abstraction layer (NAL)unit as that of the current subpicture. In some embodiments of method2700, the reference picture list includes a List 0 reference picturelist. In some embodiments of method 2700, the reference picture listincludes a List 1 reference picture list.

FIG. 28 is a flowchart for an example method 2800 of video processing.Operation 2802 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a current picture comprising a current subpicture comprisinga current slice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstreamconforms to a format rule that disallows an entry in a reference picturelist of the current slice from including a first picture that precedesin a first order or a second order the current picture in response to:(a) the first picture including a preceding intra random access pointsubpicture that precedes in the second order the current subpicture, (b)the preceding intra random access point subpicture having a same layeridentifier of a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit and a samesubpicture index as that of the current subpicture, and (c) the currentsubpicture being a clean random access subpicture.

In some embodiments of method 2800, the first order includes an outputorder. In some embodiments of method 2800, the second order includes adecoding order. In some embodiments of method 2800, the referencepicture list includes a List 0 reference picture list. In someembodiments of method 2800, the reference picture list includes a List 1reference picture list.

FIG. 29 is a flowchart for an example method 2900 of video processing.Operation 2902 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a current picture comprising a current subpicture comprisinga current slice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstreamconforms to a format rule that disallows an active entry in a referencepicture list of the current slice from including a first picture thatprecedes in a first order or a second order the current picture inresponse to: (a) the current subpicture being associated with an intrarandom access point subpicture, (b) the current subpicture following theintra random access point subpicture in the first order.

In some embodiments of method 2900, the first order includes an outputorder. In some embodiments of method 2900, the second order includes adecoding order. In some embodiments of method 2900, the referencepicture list includes a List 0 reference picture list. In someembodiments of method 2900, the reference picture list includes a List 1reference picture list.

FIG. 30 is a flowchart for an example method 3000 of video processing.Operation 3002 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a current picture comprising a current subpicture comprisinga current slice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstreamconforms to a format rule that disallows an entry in a reference picturelist of the current slice from including a first picture that precedesin a first order or the second order the current picture that includesan intra random access point subpicture associated with the currentsubpicture in response to: (a) the current subpicture following theintra random access point subpicture in the first order, (b) the currentsubpicture follows one or more leading subpictures associated with theIRAP subpicture in the first order and the second order.

In some embodiments of method 3000, the first order includes an outputorder. In some embodiments of method 3000, the second order includes adecoding order. In some embodiments of method 3000, the referencepicture list includes a List 0 reference picture list. In someembodiments of method 3000, the reference picture list includes a List 1reference picture list.

FIG. 31 is a flowchart for an example method 3100 of video processing.Operation 3102 includes performing a conversion between a videocomprising a current picture comprising a current subpicture comprisinga current slice and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstreamconforms to a format rule that specifies that in response to the currentsubpicture being a random access decodable leading subpicture, areference picture list of the current slice excludes an active entry forany one or more of: a first picture that includes a random accessskipped leading subpicture, and a second picture that precedes a thirdpicture that includes an associated intra random access point subpicturein a decoding order.

In some embodiments of method 3100, the reference picture list includesa List 0 reference picture list. In some embodiments of method 3100, thereference picture list includes a List 1 reference picture list.

In the present document, the term “video processing” may refer to videoencoding, video decoding, video compression or video decompression. Forexample, video compression algorithms may be applied during conversionfrom pixel representation of a video to a corresponding bitstreamrepresentation or vice versa. The bitstream representation of a currentvideo block may, for example, correspond to bits that are eitherco-located or spread in different places within the bitstream, as isdefined by the syntax. For example, a macroblock may be encoded in termsof transformed and coded error residual values and also using bits inheaders and other fields in the bitstream. Furthermore, duringconversion, a decoder may parse a bitstream with the knowledge that somefields may be present, or absent, based on the determination, as isdescribed in the above solutions. Similarly, an encoder may determinethat certain syntax fields are or are not to be included and generatethe coded representation accordingly by including or excluding thesyntax fields from the coded representation.

The disclosed and other solutions, examples, embodiments, modules andthe functional operations described in this document can be implementedin digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, orhardware, including the structures disclosed in this document and theirstructural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Thedisclosed and other embodiments can be implemented as one or morecomputer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer programinstructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, orto control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computerreadable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, amachine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition ofmatter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combinationof one or more them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompassesall apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including byway of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multipleprocessors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition tohardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computerprogram in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, aprotocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or acombination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is anartificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical,optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encodeinformation for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, softwareapplication, script, or code) can be written in any form of programminglanguage, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can bedeployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module,component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computingenvironment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to afile in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a filethat holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in amarkup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program inquestion, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store oneor more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer programcan be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computersthat are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this document can beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory ora random-access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computerneed not have such devices. Computer readable media suitable for storingcomputer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatilememory, media and memory devices, including by way of examplesemiconductor memory devices, e.g., erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM), and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal harddisks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and compact disc,read-only memory (CD ROM) and digital versatile disc read-only memory(DVD-ROM) disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, orincorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

While this patent document contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of any subject matter or of whatmay be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may bespecific to particular embodiments of particular techniques. Certainfeatures that are described in this patent document in the context ofseparate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a singleembodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in thecontext of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multipleembodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover,although features may be described above as acting in certaincombinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more featuresfrom a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from thecombination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asubcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. Moreover, the separation of various system components in theembodiments described in this patent document should not be understoodas requiring such separation in all embodiments.

Only a few implementations and examples are described and otherimplementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on whatis described and illustrated in this patent document.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of processing video data, comprising:performing a conversion between a video comprising a picture comprisingtwo neighboring subpictures and a bitstream of the video, wherein thebitstream conforms to a format rule that specifies that the twoneighboring subpictures with different types of network abstractionlayer (NAL) units have first syntax elements with a same first value,and wherein the first syntax elements having the same first valueindicates that a corresponding subpicture in a coded layer videosequence is treated as a picture.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein thetwo neighboring subpictures comprise at least one of P slices, B slices,or I slices.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein when the two neighboringsubpictures have first syntax elements with a same second value, the twoneighboring subpictures have a same type of NAL unit.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein a second syntax element is included in the bitstream,wherein the second syntax element having a first value indicates thateach picture referring to a picture parameter set contains more than oneVCL NAL unit and the more than one VCL NAL unit of each picturereferring to the picture parameter set do not have a same NAL unit type,and wherein the second syntax element having a second value indicatesthat each picture referring to the picture parameter set contains one ormore VCL NAL units and the one or more VCL NAL units of each picturereferring to the picture parameter set have a same NAL unit type.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein when the second syntax element having thefirst value, values of the first syntax elements for all the subpicturesthat are in the picture and contain at least one of P slices, B slicesor I slices are equal to the first value.
 6. The method of claim 4,wherein when the second syntax element having the second value, apicture is referred to as having the same NAL unit type as coded sliceNAL units of the picture.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein theconversion includes encoding the video into the bitstream.
 8. The methodof claim 1, wherein the conversion includes decoding the video from thebitstream.
 9. An apparatus for processing video data comprising aprocessor and a non-transitory memory with instructions thereon, whereinthe instructions upon execution by the processor, cause the processorto: perform a conversion between a video comprising a picture comprisingtwo neighboring subpictures and a bitstream of the video, wherein thebitstream conforms to a format rule that specifies that the twoneighboring subpictures with different types of network abstractionlayer (NAL) units have first syntax elements with a same first value,and wherein the first syntax elements having the same first valueindicates that a corresponding subpicture in a coded layer videosequence is treated as a picture.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, whereinthe two neighboring subpictures comprise at least one of P slices, Bslices, or I slices.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein when the twoneighboring subpictures have first syntax elements with a same secondvalue, the two neighboring subpictures have a same type of NAL unit. 12.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein a second syntax element is included inthe bitstream, wherein the second syntax element having a first valueindicates that each picture referring to a picture parameter setcontains more than one VCL NAL unit and the more than one VCL NAL unitof each picture referring to the picture parameter set do not have asame NAL unit type, and wherein the second syntax element having asecond value indicates that each picture referring to the pictureparameter set contains one or more VCL NAL units and the one or more VCLNAL units of each picture referring to the picture parameter set have asame NAL unit type.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein when thesecond syntax element having the first value, values of the first syntaxelements for all the subpictures that are in the picture and contain atleast one of P slices, B slices or I slices are equal to the firstvalue.
 14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storinginstructions that cause a processor to: perform a conversion between avideo comprising a picture comprising two neighboring subpictures and abitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rulethat specifies that the two neighboring subpictures with different typesof network abstraction layer (NAL) units have first syntax elements witha same first value, and wherein the first syntax elements having thesame first value indicates that a corresponding subpicture in a codedlayer video sequence is treated as a picture.
 15. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the twoneighboring subpictures comprise at least one of P slices, B slices, orI slices.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 15, wherein when the two neighboring subpictures have first syntaxelements with a same second value, the two neighboring subpictures havea same type of NAL unit.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 14, wherein a second syntax element is includedin the bitstream, wherein the second syntax element having a first valueindicates that each picture referring to a picture parameter setcontains more than one VCL NAL unit and the more than one VCL NAL unitof each picture referring to the picture parameter set do not have asame NAL unit type, and wherein the second syntax element having asecond value indicates that each picture referring to the pictureparameter set contains one or more VCL NAL units and the one or more VCLNAL units of each picture referring to the picture parameter set have asame NAL unit type.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of claim 17, wherein when the second syntax element having thefirst value, values of the first syntax elements for all the subpicturesthat are in the picture and contain at least one of P slices, B slicesor I slices are equal to the first value.
 19. A non-transitorycomputer-readable recording medium storing a bitstream of a video whichis generated by a method performed by a video processing apparatus,wherein the method comprises: generating the bitstream of the video, thevideo comprising a picture comprising two neighboring subpictures,wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule that specifies that thetwo neighboring subpictures with different types of network abstractionlayer (NAL) units have first syntax elements with a same first value,and wherein the first syntax elements having the same first valueindicates that a corresponding subpicture in a coded layer videosequence is treated as a picture.
 20. The non-transitorycomputer-readable recording medium of claim 19, wherein the twoneighboring subpictures comprise at least one of P slices, B slices, orI slices.